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Module 2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Gravida

A

Number of pregnantices

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2
Q

Para

A

Number of pregancy over 20 weeks

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3
Q

Primi

A

1st

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4
Q

Nulli

A

None

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5
Q

Prodromal stage of labour

A

Often goes unnoticed
Decrease pressure of the afternoon and increased pressure of the
The bloody show of the mucus plus blood discharged

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6
Q

What is the first stage of labour characterized by?

A

Onset of contractions and progressive cervical dilation

It begins with the onset of contractions and lasts until the cervix is fully dilated.

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7
Q

How does the pain during the first stage of labour vary?

A

It may deviate and can include back pain

The pain experienced can vary in location and intensity.

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8
Q

What typically happens to the amniotic sac during the first stage of labour?

A

The amniotic sac often ruptures

This is a common occurrence as the cervix dilates.

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9
Q

What defines the second stage of labour?

A

Begins as the head enters the birth canal

Contractions occur 2-3 minutes apart and delivery is imminent.

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10
Q

At what point does the second stage of labour end?

A

Ends when the baby is fully delivered

This stage is critical for the actual delivery of the infant.

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11
Q

What is the third stage of labour known as?

A

Placental Stage

This stage involves the delivery of the placenta.

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12
Q

How long does it usually take for the placenta to be delivered after the baby?

A

Usually delivers within 30 minutes

Timely delivery of the placenta is important for maternal health.

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13
Q

What should be done with the placenta after delivery?

A

Inspect the placenta and put it in a bag to take to the hospital

This is important for medical examination and maternal care.

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14
Q

Placenta

A

Outside is gray and shiny towards the foetus
Dark maroon with rough texture towards mom
White Fringe remnant of the amniotic sac
Paller may be haemorrhages
Don’t wait to deliver the Pacenta

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15
Q

Shoulder dysoica

A

The infant becomes trapped because the shoulders are bigger than the head in the pubic symphysis
Increased chance in birthweight
Increase chance of cord compression
Major concern equals damage to the bronchial nerves
McRoberts maneuver is the safest option

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16
Q

What is the presentation of a breech birth?

A

legs | butt first

Breech births occur when the baby is positioned to be delivered buttocks or legs first instead of head first.

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17
Q

What is the first step in delivering a breech baby?

A

Allow butt / trunk to deliver

This initial step involves facilitating the delivery of the baby’s trunk.

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18
Q

How should the ankles be grasped during a breech delivery?

A

Grasp by ankles 3 life upward

This action should be done in the direction of the mother’s abdomen.

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19
Q

What should be done if the head does not deliver within 3 minutes during a breech birth?

A

Place gloved hand in vagina, palm towards baby’s face, form a V on either side of the nose and push vaginal wall away

This maneuver helps to alleviate potential suffocation.

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20
Q

What is a footling breech presentation?

A

Foot hand first

In this type of breech presentation, one or both feet are positioned to come out first.

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21
Q

What should be done if a footling breech is identified?

A

Get to hospital (- Section)

Immediate medical assistance is crucial in this scenario.

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22
Q

What is the recommended position for a mother with a prolapsed cord?

A

Position mom supine with hips elevated high as possible

This position helps relieve pressure on the umbilical cord.

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23
Q

What type of oxygen should be administered to a mother with a prolapsed cord?

A

100% oxygen

High concentration oxygen is essential to support the baby’s oxygenation.

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24
Q

What should a mother do during contractions when there is a prolapsed cord?

A

Pant each contraction

This breathing technique can help manage pain and support the delivery process.

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25
What action should be taken if the cord is prolapsed?
Push the presenting part back into vagina ## Footnote This should be done gently to avoid further complications.
26
What is important to keep the prolapsed cord moist?
Cover cord with moist dressing ## Footnote Keeping the cord moist is crucial to prevent it from drying out and causing further complications.
27
What should be done with the position until the hospital is reached in the case of a prolapsed cord?
Hold position till hospital ## Footnote Maintaining the mother's position is critical until professional help is available.
28
True or False: In a breech delivery, the head should always be the first part to deliver.
False ## Footnote In breech deliveries, the buttocks or legs can be the first to deliver, not the head.
29
What is defined as Preterm Labour?
Before 37 weeks gestation ## Footnote It occurs in the second trimester or early third trimester.
30
What is the typical weight threshold associated with preterm birth?
2.5 Kg ## Footnote Lower chances of survival before 37 weeks.
31
What is a common intervention for preterm labour?
Tocolysis ## Footnote Transport to a hospital is usually necessary.
32
What should be done to keep a preterm infant warm?
Keep warm ## Footnote This is crucial for their survival.
33
What is a risk factor associated with multiple births?
Age ## Footnote Older women have a higher risk than younger counterparts.
34
What should always be available for multiple births?
A spare obstetric kit ## Footnote This is essential for emergencies.
35
How does the delivery of multiple births compare to a single breech birth?
Delivery is easier ## Footnote Multiple births can often be less complicated.
36
What may indicate that a woman still looks large after giving birth?
Multiple births ## Footnote This can occur even after delivery.
37
What is the typical time frame for contractions after the first baby is born?
5-10 minutes ## Footnote Contractions typically resume shortly after the first delivery.
38
What is the usual delivery time for the second baby after the first?
30-45 minutes ## Footnote This is the common timeframe for multiple births.
39
When are both babies typically born in relation to the placenta?
Before the placenta ## Footnote Usually, both babies are delivered before the placenta.
40
What should be done to the first baby in a multiple birth scenario?
Tape around the first baby ## Footnote This helps in managing the delivery.
41
What is important to document during multiple births?
Both times of delivery ## Footnote Accurate record-keeping is critical.
42
What may need to be clamped if they are short?
Umbilical cords ## Footnote Cords may require clamping if they are too short.
43
What does it indicate if a fetus is born dead?
Stillbirth ## Footnote This can occur in various situations during pregnancy.
44
What is meconium staining?
Fetus ingests lanugo, mucus, and amniotic fluid ## Footnote This occurs in utero and can indicate fetal distress.
45
What can happen if a fetus is in distress regarding meconium?
May void meconium into the amniotic fluid ## Footnote This can lead to complications after birth.
46
What condition can meconium staining lead to in the newborn?
Chemical pneumonitis ## Footnote This can result in subsequent pneumonia in the child.
47
What does a yellow tint in the water breaking indicate?
Possible distress ## Footnote This can signal issues with the fetus.
48
What does a greenish-black color indicate in amniotic fluid?
Recent meconium passage ## Footnote This can be a sign of fetal distress.
49
What may be necessary if meconium is present in the amniotic fluid?
Suctioning ## Footnote This is often needed to clear the airways.
50
What is Supine Hypotensive Syndrome?
Gravid uterus compresses the vena cava ## Footnote This can diminish venous blood return.
51
What symptoms may indicate Supine Hypotensive Syndrome?
Nausea, dizziness, and hypotension ## Footnote Monitoring blood pressure is essential.
52
What position can alleviate Supine Hypotensive Syndrome?
Transport to the left side ## Footnote This position helps relieve pressure on the vena cava.
53
What is uterine rupture?
A complication of pregnancy ## Footnote This can occur particularly in multiple pregnancies.
54
What symptoms should be reported in active labor to indicate uterine rupture?
Weakness, dizziness, and thirst ## Footnote Vaginal bleeding may also occur.
55
What is uterine inversion?
Uterus literally turns inside out ## Footnote This condition can occur during or after childbirth.
56
What should be done if an attempt to replace the uterus fails?
Cover with moist dressing and transport ## Footnote Immediate medical attention is required in cases of uterine inversion.
57
What is the average blood loss in postpartum that is considered normal?
150 mL in 24 hours ## Footnote Excessive blood loss may indicate complications.
58
What is a common cause of maternal death?
Pulmonary embolism ## Footnote This condition may arise from blood clots traveling to the lungs.
59
What symptoms are associated with pulmonary embolism in postpartum women?
Dyspnea, atrial fibrillation, hypotension, sharp chest pain, abdominal pain, syncope ## Footnote These symptoms require urgent medical evaluation.
60
What is the leading cause of maternal death during pregnancy?
Trauma during pregnancy ## Footnote Trauma can lead to severe complications for both mother and fetus.
61
How does the uterus change from the first to the second trimester regarding trauma vulnerability?
1st trimester: well-protected; 2nd trimester: more vulnerable to blunt/penetrating trauma ## Footnote The uterus grows out of the pelvis, increasing exposure.
62
How does vascular volume change during pregnancy?
Increases ## Footnote This is necessary to support the developing fetus.
63
What happens to the cardiac output and heart rate during pregnancy?
Cardiac output increases, heart rate may be hard to assess due to tachycardia ## Footnote Changes in cardiovascular dynamics are common in pregnancy.
64
Fill in the blank: The peritoneum is maximally stretched during _______.
pregnancy ## Footnote This stretching can lead to complications if trauma occurs.
65
What is the significance of abdominal changes during pregnancy?
Increased risk of trauma without visible signs ## Footnote As the abdomen expands, it may be less protected from external forces.
66
What is the role of base metabolism in oxygen needs during pregnancy?
Increased need for oxygen ## Footnote The metabolic demands of the mother increase significantly.
67
What is the most common cause of fetal death?
Maternal death ## Footnote Maternal complications can significantly impact fetal health.
68
What is the normal fetal heart rate range?
120-160 bpm ## Footnote This range is critical for assessing fetal well-being.
69
What position should the right hip be elevated in CPR during pregnancy?
15 cm ## Footnote Elevating the hip helps improve venous return.
70
What is the recommended action if CPR is needed during pregnancy?
Displace the pregnant uterus to the left ## Footnote This maneuver helps to permit better blood flow from the lower limbs.
71
What is the survival chance of the fetus if CPR is performed within 5 minutes?
70% chance of fetal survival ## Footnote Timely intervention is crucial in emergencies.
72
What are early bleeding complications in pregnancy (before 20 weeks)?
* Spontaneous abortion * Ectopic pregnancy * Gestational trophoblastic disease * Cervical insufficiency ## Footnote Each condition presents unique risks and management strategies.
73
What are late bleeding complications in pregnancy (after 20 weeks)?
* Placenta previa * Abruptio placentae * Placenta accreta ## Footnote These conditions can lead to severe maternal and fetal complications.
74
What is a spontaneous abortion?
An abortion with an unknown cause that is highly variable ## Footnote It can occur due to fetal or maternal abnormalities.
75
What are the types of spontaneous abortion?
* Threatened - empty sac / no cervical dilation * Inevitable - heavier bleeding * Incomplete - bleeding / cramps (with retained products) * Habitual - 3 or more spontaneous abortions ## Footnote Understanding these types helps in the management of pregnancy loss.
76
What is the hallmark sign of ectopic pregnancy?
Abdominal pain with spotting within 6-8 weeks after missed menses ## Footnote This symptom occurs due to the ovum's implantation outside the uterus, often in the fallopian tube.
77
What is the most common site for ectopic pregnancy?
Fallopian tube ## Footnote Ectopic pregnancies can occur in other sites, but the fallopian tube is the most frequent location.
78
What should be monitored in a patient with ectopic pregnancy?
Signs and symptoms of shock ## Footnote Early recognition of shock is critical for patient management.
79
What is the recommended fluid replacement for shock management?
20 mL/kg, maximum of 3 boluses ## Footnote This helps to stabilize the patient in cases of shock.
80
What characterizes placenta previa?
Placenta implants over the cervix ## Footnote This condition can lead to complications during pregnancy, particularly in the second and third trimesters.
81
What type of bleeding is associated with placenta previa?
Bright red blood in the second or third trimester ## Footnote This bleeding is often accompanied by a relaxed uterus.
82
What is the primary symptom of placental abruption?
Dark red bleeding with knife-like pain ## Footnote Placental abruption can lead to hemorrhage and compromised fetal blood supply.
83
What condition is characterized by severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy?
Hyperemesis gravidarum ## Footnote This condition can result in significant body weight loss and dehydration.
84
What are the signs of gestational hypertension?
Mild preeclampsia ## Footnote Monitoring and management are crucial to prevent progression to severe conditions.
85
What serious complication can develop from eclampsia?
Seizures ## Footnote Eclampsia is a severe form of preeclampsia that requires immediate medical intervention.
86
Fill in the blank: Ectopic pregnancy occurs due to _______ outside of the uterus.
Implantation ## Footnote The implantation of the ovum in a location other than the uterine cavity leads to this condition.
87
What is HELLP Syndrome?
Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets ## Footnote Similar to severe preeclampsia
88
What is ABO incompatibility?
Mother has O blood and fetus has A or B blood ## Footnote Less severe than Rh incompatibility
89
What is Rh incompatibility?
Rh-negative mother carrying a Rh-positive fetus ## Footnote More risk with each pregnancy
90
What is the significance of administering immune globulin at 28 weeks?
To prevent Rh incompatibility issues ## Footnote Important for Rh-negative mothers
91
What defines polyhydramnios?
Too much amniotic fluid, single pocket > 8 cm or amniotic fluid index > 20 cm ## Footnote Excessive fluid can indicate fetal issues
92
What defines oligohydramnios?
Too little amniotic fluid, single pocket < 2 cm ## Footnote Can lead to complications during pregnancy
93
What is amnioinfusion?
A procedure to introduce fluid into the amniotic cavity ## Footnote Used in cases of oligohydramnios
94
What does PROM stand for?
Premature Rupture of Membranes ## Footnote Can occur before or after 37 weeks of gestation
95
What is the difference between PROM above and below 37 weeks?
PROM above 37 weeks is considered term, below 37 weeks is preterm ## Footnote Timing affects management and outcomes

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