Module 1.2 ( obstetrics)

Question 1

What is the time span for conception and pregnancy?

Answer 1

40 weeks (9 months)

This duration is counted from the first day of the last menstrual period.

Question 2

What is the first step in the conception process?

Answer 2

Ovum raised from ovary

The ovum then passes into the open fallopian tube.

Question 3

How long does it take for sperm to penetrate the ovum’s outer layer?

Answer 3

5 hours

This penetration marks the beginning of pregnancy.

Question 4

What are the stages of fetal development?

Answer 4

• Preembryonic stage
• Embryonic stage
• Fetal stage

Question 5

What occurs during the preembryonic stage?

Answer 5

Fertilization, Cleavage, Morula, Blastocyst/Trophoblast, Implantation

This stage lasts until the end of the 2nd week.

Question 6

What is the duration of the embryonic stage?

Answer 6

2nd week to the 8th week

During this stage, basic structures of the body and organs develop.

Question 7

What is formed from the ectoderm during embryonic development?

Answer 7

CNS, Skin, Glands, Special senses

The ectoderm is the outermost layer of the embryo.

Question 8

What structures are formed from the mesoderm?

Answer 8

Skeletal, Urinary, Circulatory, Reproductive organs

The mesoderm is the middle layer of the embryo.

Question 9

What does the endoderm develop into?

Answer 9

Respiratory system, Liver, Pancreas, Digestive system

The endoderm is the innermost layer of the embryo.

Question 10

True or False: The fetal stage lasts from the 9th week until birth.

Answer 10

True

This stage involves further growth and maturation of the fetus.

Question 11

What is the primary function of the placenta?

Answer 11

Interface between mom and fetus

The placenta acts as a connection that facilitates the exchange of nutrients and gases between the mother and the developing fetus.

Question 12

What hormones are produced by the placenta?

Answer 12

• nCG
• HPL / HES
• Estrogen
• Progesterone
• Relaxin

These hormones play crucial roles in maintaining pregnancy and supporting fetal development.

Question 13

How does the placenta protect the fetus?

Answer 13

Protects fetus from mom’s immune attack

The placenta helps to shield the fetus from the mother’s immune system, which might otherwise recognize it as foreign.

Question 14

What waste management function does the placenta serve?

Answer 14

Removes wastes

The placenta helps to eliminate waste products produced by the fetus, ensuring a healthy environment for development.

Question 15

What is one way the placenta influences the mother’s behavior?

Answer 15

Inducing mom to eat more

The placenta releases hormones that can stimulate appetite in the mother, ensuring adequate nutrition for the growing fetus.

Question 16

What is the umbilical cord formed from?

Answer 16

Formed from amnion

The umbilical cord originates from the amniotic membrane, which surrounds the fetus.

Question 17

What is the structure of the umbilical cord?

Answer 17

• 1 large vein
• 2 small arteries

This structure is essential for transporting oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus and carrying waste away.

Question 18

What is the purpose of Wharton Jelly in the umbilical cord?

Answer 18

Surrounds vein/arteries to prevent compression

Wharton Jelly acts as a protective cushioning around the blood vessels in the umbilical cord.

Question 19

What are the typical dimensions of a full-term umbilical cord?

Answer 19

56 cm (22 in) long / 2-3 cm (1 in) wide

These dimensions can vary but provide a general size for a healthy umbilical cord at term.

Question 20

What are the functions of amniotic fluid?

Answer 20

• Maintain body temperature
• Symmetric growth and development
• Cushion against compression
• Promote fetal movement

Amniotic fluid is crucial for protecting the fetus and allowing for proper musculoskeletal development.

Question 21

Fill in the blank: Amniotic fluid helps to _______ the fetus.

Answer 21

[Cushion against compression]

Question 22

What is fetal circulation?

Answer 22

Baked from placenta to fetus and then back to placenta

Fetal circulation involves the transfer of oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus through the placenta.

Question 23

How many shunts are present during fetal development?

Answer 23

3 shunts

These shunts allow for the unique circulation patterns in a developing fetus.

Question 24

What does the Ductus Venosus connect?

Answer 24

The umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava

This shunt allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver.

Question 25

What does the Ductus Arteriosus connect?

Answer 25

The main pulmonary artery to the aorta ## Footnote This allows blood to flow from the pulmonary artery directly into the aorta, bypassing the lungs.

Question 26

What is the Foramen Ovale?

Answer 26

Anatomic opening between the right and left atria ## Footnote This opening allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the non-functioning fetal lungs.

Question 27

What genetic condition is characterized by trisomy 21?

Answer 27

Down syndrome ## Footnote This condition is associated with a range of developmental and physical challenges.

Question 28

True or False: X-linked conditions are more common in females.

Answer 28

False ## Footnote Males are more commonly affected by X-linked conditions because they only have one X chromosome.

Question 29

Signs and symptoms of pregnancy subjective ( presumptive )

Answer 29

Breast tenderness Amenorrhea Nausea, vomiting Increase breast size Increased urine Increased urine output

Question 30

Probable signs objective

Answer 30

Positive pregnancy Goodelle sign (softening of the cervix Chadwick sign ( purple/blue vaginal Makossa and cervix) Increased Abdo Ballottetment fluid in knee Hegar sign ( softening of the lower uterine ) Braxton Hicks

Question 31

Positive signs of pregnancy

Answer 31

Ultrasound Foetal heart tones Foetal movement

Question 32

What happens in the uterus?

Answer 32

Increase in size, width, length and volume Pear shape to oblong shape Increase urine A sense into the abdominal cavity after three months

Question 33

Hegar sign

Answer 33

The uterus going from pair to oval

Question 34

Goodwells sign

Answer 34

Softening of the cervix

Question 35

Chadwick’s sign

Answer 35

Blush coloured discolouration of the cervix and vagina

Question 36

Cervix changes

Answer 36

Softening Mucous plug Discolour

Question 37

Vagina changes

Answer 37

Lengthening Secretions more acidic , white and thick Thickening

Question 38

Ovaries

Answer 38

Enlargement Stopping ovulation

Question 39

Breasts

Answer 39

Increase in size and nipple size Production of colostrum and yellow fluid that eventually turn into milk

Question 40

Gl

Answer 40

Swollen, gums, dental, problems, smooth, muscle relaxant, hemorrhoids, gastric, emptying, heartburn, gallbladder, emptying, nausea, vomiting, hyper saliva

Question 41

Cardiovascular

Answer 41

increase blood pressure at the beginning and returns to mild Increase red blood clots increase plasma increase iron demands increased hyper caught ability

Question 42

Resp

Answer 42

Breathing is more diaphragmatic More oxygen consumption Increase tidal volume

Question 43

Renal/urinary

Answer 43

Increase in kidney size, urine flow, and kidney activity

Question 44

Musculoskeletal

Answer 44

Softening and stretching of ligaments Forward shift of gravity Lordosis Waddle

Question 45

Integumentary

Answer 45

Decrease, hair growth increase nail growth, hyper pigmentation glow varcosites

Question 46

Endocrine

Answer 46

Increased, thyroid increase pituitary, prostaglandin, secretion, placenta, secretion, pancreas, becomes insulin resistance

Question 47

Pregnancy due date estimates

Answer 47

First day of last menstrual cycle, subtract three months and seven days add one year

Question 48

What are common discomforts experienced during the first trimester?

Answer 48

* Urine fatigue * N/V * Breast tenderness * Constipation * Bleeding nose/gums * Nasal stuffiness * Cephalalgia * Backache * Leg cramps * Varicosities * Hemorrhoids * Flatulence with bloating ## Footnote N/V refers to nausea and vomiting, common symptoms in early pregnancy.

Question 49

What discomforts may return during the third trimester?

Answer 49

Return of first trimester discomforts ## Footnote This includes symptoms experienced earlier in pregnancy that may reappear as the body adapts to the later stages.

Question 50

What are some specific discomforts associated with the third trimester?

Answer 50

* Shortness of breath * Dyspnea * Heartburn * Indigestion * Dependent edema * Braxton Hicks contractions ## Footnote Braxton Hicks contractions are also known as practice contractions that occur as the body prepares for labor.