Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Module 2, Week 3 (week 6) > Flashcards

Module 2, Week 3 (week 6) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the reproductive system?

A

Produce another human life - by producing the cells required to do this.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which hormones are involved in the male reproductive system?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) - released from hypothalamus

Follicle-stimulating hormone - released from anterior pituitary gland - stimulates sperm production

Luteneising hormone - released from anterior pituitary gland and stimulates the production of testosterone in the testes

Testosterone - produced in testes and involved in the production of sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which hormones are involved in the female reproductive system?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) released from hypothalamus

Follicle-stimulating hormone - released from anterior pituitary gland - stimulates development/maturation of follicles in ovaries

Luteneising hormone - released from anterior pituitary gland, and spike of LH causes ovulation/assists in the construction of the corpus luteum

Oestrogen - secreted by ovarian follicles & then the corpus luteum

Progesterone - produced by the corpus luteum and prepares the endometrium lining for the implantation, and if fertilisation occurs, maintains the pregnancy for around 12 weeks, until the placenta is able to take over the production of hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the name of the gamete in the female reproductive system?

A

oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The female productive system synthesises which hormones?

A

oestrogen and progesterone - oestrogen from ovaries and corpus luteum, progesterone from corpus luteum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Role of ovaries?

A

Store gametes, in follicles, generate oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What’s two other names for fallopian tubes?

A

Oviducts/uterine tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the fury finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes called and what is there job?

A

Fimbria. Direct the released oocyte into the fallopian tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

Fallopian tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List the 3 x layers of the uterus walls:

A
  1. Perimetrium - outer layer
  2. Myometrium - smooth muscle in middle
  3. Endometrium - inner layer - develops/sheds monthly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How long is the approximate length of the vagina?

A

10cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many lobes does each mammory gland have?

A

15-20 lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is contained in mammary glands that produces milk?

A

alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Breast milk travels from the lobes through which duct before exiting through the nipples?

A

Lactiferous duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the term for the production of female oocytes (eggs)?

A

Oogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Oocytes are kept safely in ovaries until probity. What’s the term to describe how they are stored?

A

Suspended animation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List the differences between male and female fertility:

A

Females:
Full set of oocytes already produced at birth
From puberty, one oocyte released per month
As oocytes age, fertility reduces, and as eggs run out, fertility ceases - menopause

Males:
Spermatogenisis (sperm production) begins at puberty
and continues till death
Once male fertility starts, it continues throughout life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

List the two main functions of the male reproductive system:

A

Produce male gamete and deliver to female body

Produce testosterone (androgen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Specifically, where inside the testes does sperm production occur?

A

The seminiferous tubule

20
Q

What is the seminiferous tubule?

A

Tiny tubules in the testes, where spermatogenisis occurs.

21
Q

List the travel of sperm within the testes:

A

From semininiferous tubule to straight tubule, to Rete testes to tail of epididymis.

22
Q

Where are sperm stored in the testes and where do they mature?

A

In the epididymis

23
Q

How long is the coiled duct in the epididymis?

A

6m

24
Q

Where does the vas deferens begin?

A

In the testes

25
Q

How long can it take for sperm to mature?

A

14 days

26
Q

When sperm is ejaculated, where is it ejaculated from?

A

Epididymus

27
Q

How long can sperm be stored for in the epididymis?

A

Two or three months

28
Q

What happens if sperm isn’t ejaculated?

A

Gets re-absorbed by the body

29
Q

How long is the ductus deferens?

A

45cm

30
Q

How does sperm move through ductus deferens?

A

Ductus deferens has smooth muscle in its walls. Peristalsis, contraction of the muscle, moves sperm song duct.

31
Q

Where is sperm ejaculated into the semen?

A

At the seminal vesicles

32
Q

Which glands produce semen?

A
  1. Seminal vesicles (pair of them) - smooth muscle in walls for peristalsis. Semen secreted is rich in nourishment for sperm energy/health. 60% of semen produced by seminal vesicles.
  2. Prostate - golf ball / surrounds urethra. Smooth muscle in walls again for peristalsis. 25% semen produced in prostate.
  3. Bulbourethral glands - little bit of semen produced here.
33
Q

What is the role of semen?

A

Semen facilitates movement of sperm. It provides nourishment for sperm. It’s alkaline, so protective of sperm in the acidic female environment. Prostaglandins help reduce the viscousness of the female mucous, which enables their swimming. An alkaline PH also protects sperm by holding back female reproductive tract.

Semen enables sperm to stick to vaginal wall.

34
Q

How many sperm in 2.5-5m of semen?

A

50-150 million

35
Q

What is the approximate age for the onset of spermatogenisis?

A

14 years

36
Q

How many sperm are made daily once spermatogenisis begins?

A

300 million!

37
Q

How many sperm per yield of spermatogenisis?

A

4 - equivalent for women? 1 oocyte

38
Q

List stage 1 and 2 of male sexual response:

A
  1. Erection

2. Ejaculation

39
Q

Describe the process of erection:

A

Nitric oxide released, which causes penile arterioles to dilate. This permits blood to flow into spongy penile tissue, causing it to become engorged and erect.

40
Q

Which nervous system is involved in erection?

A

Parasympathetic - triggers release of nitric oxide

41
Q

Describe the process of ejaculation:

A

Muscles in bladder constrict, blocking urethra, preventing urine from entering urethra.

Muscles in vas deferens start mobilising sperm through peristalsis.

Muscles in ducts (seminal vesicles, prostate, bolbourethral glands) contract, releasing semen into ducts - flows towards urethra. Sperm mixes at seminal vesicles.

Arrival of semen, containing sperm, in urethra, stimulates penile muscles to contract, and peristalsis to move semen along penis.

Ejaculation process needs time to re-set before it is ready to go again. There is a refractory period.

42
Q

What are the four cycles of the female productive cycle:

A
  1. Menstrual - days 1-5
  2. Preovulatory - days 6-13
  3. Ovulation - day 14
  4. Postovulatory - days 15-28
43
Q

Female reproduction can be broken into two distinct cycles - what are these?

A

Ovarian cycle

Uterine cycle

44
Q

List action of each of the four stages for ovaries - ovarian cycle:

A

Days 1-13 can be referred to as the follicular phase - as the follicular process, preparation for ovulation, takes this entire time.

Follicular phase can be broken down into:
Days 1-5, the menstrual stage - FSH secreted by anterior pituitary, stimulates follicles in ovaries to start to mature into secondary follicles

Days 6-13, the preovulatory stage - the egg inside the mature follicle is getting prepared for release.

Day 14 - ovulation - luteinising hormone spikes to enable the release of the egg into fallopian tube.

Days 15-28 - postovulatory phase - in ovarian cycle, this phase is known as the Luteal phase. Follicle material re-used to form the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum produces progesterone & oestrogen. Progesterone impacts the edometrium, and if the egg is fertilised, sustains pregnancy until placenta develops/takes over.

If no fertilisation occurs, corpus luteum starts to break down, turning into corpus albicans. Once this happens, progesterone production comes to an immediate halt. This sharp drop in progesterone prompts the shedding of the endometrium.

45
Q

Describe the control hormones produced in the brain have over the ovary cycle:

A

Hypothalamus releases gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
GnRH causes anterior pituitary to release follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone.
FSH - works on ovaries, ensures follicle matures - LH stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen (an androgen).
LH - spikes at day 14 (increased GnRH from hypothalamus, inceased oestrogen, increases LH) triggers egg release & creates corpus luteum - which produces oestrogen & progesterone as well as relaxin & inhibin. Before ovulation, the mature follicle produces oestrogen and inhibin, reducing the FSH, allowing the other follicles to stop maturing.

Oestrogen and progesterone influence the uterine cycle

46
Q

Describe what happens in the phases of the uterine cycle:

A

Days 1-5 - menstruation - shedding of the endometrium

Days 6-14 - Preovulatory phase - Proliferation stage - oestrogen released by ovaries stimulates the building of the endometrial lining, in preparation for fertilised egg.

Days 15-28 - postovulatory phase - Secretory Stage in unterine cycle: progesterone and oestrogen released from corpus luteum causing further development of endometrial lining. Substances secreted onto lining that will nourish egg, and lots of blood vessels etc develop in lining.

47
Q

When do hormonal changes start to occur in children?

A

10 years - male and female

Physiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions