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Physiology > Module 1: Week 3 > Flashcards

Module 1: Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is filtration?

A

Filtration is when fluid is forced out of capillaries by hydrostatic pressure.

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2
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

The pulling of fluid INTO the capillaries by blood colloid osmotic pressure.

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3
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

The weight of water. This pressure comes from the heart’s pumping action - blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) - pushes fluid OUT of capillaries. Its the pressure the water component of the blood puts of the blood vessel walls.

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4
Q

Blood colloid osmotic (water diffusion) pressure pulls fluid…

A

IN to capillaries. Main pressure causing fluid to be reabsorbed into the blood. Osmotic pressure forces water back into capillaries. The higher the solutes, the higher the pressure.

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5
Q

What does the term Bulk Flow refer to?

A

Process where large quantities of ions, molecules, particles flow in fluid, from places with high pressure, to places with low pressure.
Fast movement of fluid. Faster than diffusion.
Diffusion mostly for solute exchange from blood to interstitial fluid.
Essential for regulating fluid volumes in body.

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6
Q

Net Filtration Pressures (NFP) is:

A

The balance of the colloid osmotic pressure pulling fluid into the capillaries and hydrostatic pressure pushing fluid out of the capillaries. Gives an indication of whether the volumes of fluid between blood/interstitial fluid are steady or changing.

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7
Q

Osmosis

A

Passive movement of water through the plasma membrane without requiring energy from cell. Always from high water concentration to low water concentration… down its water gradient. Water always attracted to higher solute concentrations. Trying to create equilibrium with solutes. Fluid balance connected to electrolyte balance. Water follows solute.

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8
Q

Non-electrolytes do not carry charge. Examples are:

A

glucose, lipids, urea

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9
Q

Electrolytes do carry charge and dissociate in water. Examples are:

A

Salts - sodium (Na+), Chloride (Cl-), Potassium (k+), Calcium (Ca2+), Bicarbonate ions (HCO3)

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10
Q

What do electrolytes do in water?

A

Dissociate

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11
Q

Do non-electrolytes dissociate in water?

A

No

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12
Q

Which ion has higher concentration in the extracellular fluid?

A

Sodium (Na+)

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13
Q

Which ion has higher concentration in the intracellular fluid?

A

Potassium (k+)

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14
Q

The extracellular fluid is high in which ions?

A

Sodium (Na+) and Chloride (Cl-)

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15
Q

The intracellular fluid is high in which ions?

A

Potassium (k+) and also protein

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16
Q

How much water does body gain by drinking?

A

1600ml (approx)

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17
Q

How much water does body gain from food?

A

700ml (approx)

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18
Q

How much water does body gain by aerobic metabolism?

A

200ml (approx)

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19
Q

How much water does body gain from drinking, eating, metabolism?

A

2500ml (approx)

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20
Q

Water is lost by the body by:

A

excretion
sweating
exhaling
menstruation

21
Q

How much water to do we lose from the body daily?

A

2500ml (approx)

22
Q

What affects the speed at which water is lost?

A

temperature
activity levels
illness - diarrhoea

23
Q

Osmosis relates to what?

A

movement of water

24
Q

Diffusion relates to what?

A

movement of solutes/substances - dissolved in water

25
Q

Diffusion is defined as:

A

movement of solutes/molecules/ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration - down its concentration gradient.

26
Q

What affects the speed/rate of diffusion (x5):

A
  1. Steepness of concentration gradient - increases diffusion rate
  2. Temperature - diffusion is faster with increased heat
  3. Mass of molecule - smaller, lighter molecule with diffuse quicker
  4. Surface area - larger the surface area, quicker diffusion rate
  5. Distance - the smaller the distance, the faster the diffusion, longer the distance, slower the diffusion
27
Q

What has to have happened for simple diffusion to occur?

A

Solute (oxygen/carbon dioxide etct) must have dissolved in the water.

28
Q

Name a few types of channel-mediated facilitated diffusion channels:

A

Open channel - leak channel

Gated channel - needs key/stimuli i.e. voltage-gated channel

29
Q

Name 3 important factors relating to carrier proteins:

A
  1. Carrier proteins are made for specific solutes/ions/molecules - they can only bind to one specific type of solute
  2. Movement can happen into and out of cell - binding can be assisted either way. Two directional. All dependent on concentration gradient in terms of direction of moment of particles.
  3. Multiple protein carriers can be transporting at the same time. If all are full with solutes, they are called saturated. The cell has reached its maximum load at that time.
30
Q

Osmotic pressure is generally the same inside and outside the cell. What does this do to the cell shape and volume?

A

Keeps the shape and volume the same

31
Q

What happens to the cell shape/volume as water moves in and out of cells?

A

The cell changes shape and volume

32
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The measurement of the amount a cell changes when its water content changes. The ability of a solution to change the shape of a cell through changing water levels.

33
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

When a solution has the same amount of solutes as the solutes inside the cell. Solutes are even in and out of cell.

34
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

A hypotonic solution has lower non-permeating solutes than the cell. As water is attracted to solutes, water will rush into the cell as that’s where the higher solute concentration is. This causes the cell to swell and may rupture (lysis/lysing).

35
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

When a solution has a higher concentration of non-permeating solutes than the cell. Water will move from the cell towards the higher solutes in the solution, causing the cell to shink = crenation.

36
Q

Describe active transport:

A

Active transport assists solutes to get into/out of a cell when they need to travel against their concentration gradient. Active transport needs energy to transport solutes. Active transport important for keeping ion levels where they need to be both in the intracellular and extracellular fluid.
Active transport is the mechanism that ensures imbalance of some ions in and out of cell, maintaining the concentration gradient, essential for diffusion. Some ions come through leak channels and need to be returned to where their high concentrations should be, in the intracellular fluid like k+ or extracellular fluid like Na+.

37
Q

What are two types of active transport?

A

Primary Active Transport:
Active transport fuelled and activated by the energy supplied from ATP

Secondary Transport:
Uses stored energy from the ion’s concentration gradient

38
Q

Name solutes that require active transport:

A

Na+, K+, H+, Ca2+, I- (Iodine ion), Cl-, amino acids, monosaccharides. Some of these do cross with facilitated diffusion.

39
Q

What type of things affect the tonicity of a solution?

A

the concentration of non-permeating solutes

water will move if solutes can’t

40
Q

What is the osmolarity of a cell?

A

300mOsmol/L

41
Q

If a single solute in a solution is permeating, it will want to be in balance, inside and outside the cell. What will this do to the cell?

A

1/2 of the solutes will diffuse into the cell, changing the osmolarity of the solution (reducing it) and increasing the osmolarity of the cell. This will impact the cell. The water will rush to the higher solute concentration. If the concentration is higher outside the cell, the cell will shink (crenation). If the higher inside the cell, water will rush inside the cell and cause the cell to swell and rupture - lysing.

42
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

The total solute concentration of a solution/cell.

43
Q

Tonicity is about the concentration of non-permeating solutes as this affects what happens to the…

A

water

44
Q

What are two types of secondary active transport:

A

Symporter - moves solutes in the same direction - with the sodium gradient - when sodium comes into cell, so does another molecule/solute (glucose/amino acids). Could be called sodium/glucose or sodium/amino acid transporters. Symporters are in GI tract.

Antiporter - moves solutes in different directions - when sodium comes in through facilitated diffusion, another solute is sent out of the cell.

Calcium ions (Ca2+) and hydrogen (H+) ions are moved out of the cell by antiporters.

45
Q

Endocytosis

A

Form of vesicular transport - two types: receptor-mediated (including phagocytosis) where receptor is needed to link with substance/microbe before plasma membrane wraps around it. With Bulk-phase, just fluid, no receptor. Both need lysosomes to act on content of vesicles.

46
Q

Exocytosis:

A

Form of vesicular transport going out of cell - important for secretory cells - releases mucus, hormones, digestive enzymes. Important for nerve cells - neurotransmitters - release nerve impulses.

47
Q

Keeping sodium and potassium ions moving is important for:

A

maintaining concentration gradient
maintaining normal function of cells
maintaining normal tonicity of cells
maintaining normal water balance of cell

48
Q

Why does sodium ion gradient store energy for Secondary Active Transport?

A

Because it’s steep, which makes it possible to store energy

Physiology (6 decks)

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