Module 2: Water as a Nutient Flashcards
what is water
- most essential nutrient for life
- 60% of adult body; 85-87% in milk
- ## greatest daily requirement
when is the greatest intake of water
during and after feeding
when can water become toxic
drinking to much water to quickly can cause brain swelling and death
- can happen to animals when theres a drought, drinking water to fast after fasting
what is aquagenic urticarial?
allergy to water
- affects 1 in 230m people
- itchy skin, hives, rash, skin lesions and respiratory distress after drinking water
what are the two basic functions of water
- major component in body metabolism ( becasue of property of being a universal solvent)
- major factor in thermoregulation (critical for maintaining body temp)
what are the top uses of water (4)
- universal solvent (wide variety of compounds
- transport of nutrients (breakdown and absorption) and waste products ( leaving body in liquid form)
- chemical reactions (aqueous environment, hydrolysis and oxidation
- cushining, lubrication of organs ( cerebrospinal fluid, pericardial fluid, fluid surrounding eye, mucous, saliva)
what are two reactions that give the body water
glucose oxidation
peptide bond formation/ hydrolysis
what are heat sources in the body
- digestion
- fermentation
- metabolism
what is the temperature range the body needs to have
- 37-39
- if the body temp is out of that range the enzymes will die
what is the difference between evaporative and non evaporative heat loss
Evaporative:
- most important in livestock
- cutaneous and respiratory (sweating and panting)
Non-Evaporative:
- conduction = heat loss from one object to another
- convention = heat loss through movement of air
- radiation = loss of heat from electro maginetic rnage
why is water a good thermoregulator
- high specific heat capacity = water can absorb lots of heat without changing body cell temperature
- high thermal conductivity = heat transfer from deep body tissues to surface (allows heat to come up to skin surface and lungs
- high latenet heat of vaporization - change the state from liquid to vapour (panting, sweating)
what are other uses of water in livestock production system besides consumption
- cleaning
- growing feed
- misting/ cooling animals
what kind of relationship does water have with protein and fat
its an inverse relationship betwwen protein and water
- the higher the water the more protein usage and the less fat usage
- the lower the water the lower the protein and the more fat used
- because proteins are broken into amino acid and through catabolism urea is excreted through urine
is water stored in the body?
no, normal healthy animals will maintain water equilibrium
- unless theres a edema or diarrhea
what are water sources for livestock
- drinking or free water (most important)
- water contained in feedstuffs
- metabolic water (from metabolic reactions in the body)
what animals have important metabolic uses
- reptiles
- birds
- desert animals
- camals
- bears (during hybernation )
what factors affect water requirements
- environmental conditions - temperature (during summer water content increases)
- water content of diet - the more water content goes up - water drinking goes down
- amount, type of feed consumed (protein salt)
- temperature of the water- preference of hot or cold water
- physiological state - dry vs lactating
- health status
how does ambient temperature
as temperature increases so does water intake to help with thermoregulation
- bos indicus are more heat tolerant because of higher expression of sweat glands
what are symptoms of water deprivation
- reduced feed intake ( digestion slows down because water is needed in fermentation process to create an aqueous environment
- increase heart rate
- increased body temperature (metabolism continous - without thermoregulation internal temp increase
- increased respiration
- lack of muscle coordination
- sunken eyes, shrivelled skin
- death ( loss of 12% body water)
how do you measure water intake
in-line water meters (meaure water flow to water through )
collect data for 5 - 10 days
include water intake from ration if feeding fermented forages
water quality checking
- oranoleptic properties (odor tate
- physico- chemical properties (hardness, pH and total dissolved solids)
- presence of toxic compounds (heavy metals, pesticide residues)
- presence of excess minerals or compounds
- presence of bacteria or blue-green algea
features of good quality water
- clear and colourless
- low total solids
- no disease organisms or pesticides
- no desirable flavour or odor
how do you check water quality
- annual check recommended or suspect water quality problem (change in water intakes; drought, change in odour, taste and appearance )
- take a representative sample (pH nitrates, sulfates, total dissolved solids and bacteria)
- environmental analytical labratories
where would you take a water sample from
from the source of where the animal is drinking to dectect early
- water nearby thats supplying might not have the contamination
how is water treated to improve water quality
- sand filters to remove algae, OM, trace minerals
- reverse osmosis to remove nitrates, Fe sulfates; reduces hardness and total solids.
- to expensive for use with livestock
