Module 2: Respirtory System

Question 1

Ventilation

Answer 1

Exchange of air between atmosphere and lungs

Question 2

Internal Respiration

Answer 2

Movement of gas from lungs through bloodstream to cells

Question 3

What does the lower RS consist of

Answer 3

Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

Question 4

What does the upper RS consist of

Answer 4

Nose
Pharynx
Associated structures

Question 5

What is the RS responsible for

Answer 5

Create energy
Gas exchange
Vocalisation
Filtering
Warming
Ph

Question 6

External Respiration

Answer 6

Movement of gasses between environment and cells of body

Question 7

Describe location of Alveoli and their function

Answer 7

Microscopic chamber at termini of bronchial tree. Main site of gas exchange

Question 8

Name the 3 regions of the Pharynx

Answer 8

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Question 9

Name 2 structures of the NASOpharynx

Answer 9

Pharyngeal tonsil
Tubal tonsil

Question 10

What are vibrissae

Answer 10

Coarse hairs in the nasal vestibule that filter large particles from inspired air

Question 11

What component of the upper respiratory system enhances turbulence in the inhaled air

Answer 11

Nasal conchae

Question 12

Why is air turbulence important in inspiration

Answer 12

Help trap inhaled particles on the mucus coated surfaces

Question 13

What are the two types of mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity

Answer 13

Olfactory mucosa
Olfactory epithelium

Question 14

What are the layers if the tracheal wall (4)

Answer 14

Mucosa
Submucosa
Adventitia
Hyaline cartilage

Question 15

Which structure seals the larynx when swallowing

Answer 15

Epiglottis

Question 16

Which structural features of the trachea allow it to expand and contract, yet keep it from collapsing?

Answer 16

C-shaped cartilage rings of the trachea

Question 17

What features of the Alveoli assist in the exchange of gas by diffusion

Answer 17

Large SA when connected
Thin membrane

Question 18

Whats the difference between right and left bronchus

Answer 18

Right:
Wider
Shorter
More vertical

Question 19

What the the conduction zone structure

Answer 19

Terminal bronchiole
(The tips of the bronchial tree; respiratory zone begins at terminal)

Question 20

What are the three main types of cells found alveoli

Answer 20

Type I alveolar cells
Type II alveolar cells
Alveolar Macrophages

Question 21

Describe Type I alveolar cells

Answer 21

Single layer of squamous epithelial cells

Question 22

What are 2 important features of alveoli

Answer 22

1. Surrounded my fine elastic fibres
2. Open alveolar pores connect adjacent alveoli thus allowing air pressure to reach a state of equilibrium across the lung

Question 23

Describe the subdivisions from the Trachea

Answer 23

Trachea -> Primary bronchi -> lobar bronchi -> segmental bronchus -> terminal bronchioles

Question 24

What part of the lung receives air directly from a segmental ( tertiary) bronchus

Answer 24

Bronchopulmonary segment

Question 25

Which vessel delivers oxygenated systemic blood to ling tissue

Answer 25

Bronchial arteries

Question 26

What are the pleura membranes and their main functions

Answer 26

Visceral Pleura
Parietal Pleura (out to Party) (superficial to Visceral)
Pleural Cavity

Question 27

Visceral Pleural function

Answer 27

Visceral (visible)
Covers surface of lung
- protects from friction
-maintain shape
- prevent lung for collapse
- Synchronising movement with chest

Question 28

Pleural Cavity Function

Answer 28

Contains Pleural Fluid
- creates most surface ~> decrease friction
- holds lung tight against thoracic wall

Question 29

Parietal Pleura function

Answer 29

Cover ❤️🫁 and major blood vessels
Protect form infection
Intergrity if pleural cavity

Question 30

Question

Answer 30

Answer

Question 31

Describe how structure of alveoli facilitates effective gas exchange. (5 marks)

Answer 31

• Thin Walls: Alveoli possess exceptionally thin walls due to Type 1 alveolar cells simple squamous cells, allowing a short distance for gas exchange, known as Fick’s Law.
• Huge Surface Area: Their grape-like clustering provides an expansive surface for effective gas exchange.
• Rich Capillary Network: A dense surrounding of blood capillaries enhances oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer efficiency
• Type II Cells: They secrete surfactant, reducing surface tension and ensuring alveoli remain open.
• Elastic Recoil: The elastic nature of alveolar walls allows them to stretch and contract, maintaining efficient air exchange during inhalation and exhalation.

Question 32

What happens when NaCl content in body increases?

Answer 32

1.High salt content detected in the bloodstream
2. Posterior lobe of pituitary gland is stimulated to secrete Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) or vasopressin
3. ADH is carried to the kidney and stimulates increased reabsorption of water from the tubules
4. Reabsorbed water will attempt to balance the fluid compartments and result in lowering the concentration of Na+
5. Note high salt intake will also stimulate thirst centers leading to increased intake of water.

Question 33

Distensibility

Answer 33

How much the lung and chest wall can stretch

Question 34

three types of chemoreceptors

Answer 34

Carotid body
Aortic body
Central chemoreceptor

Question 35

Carotid body

Answer 35

Pass through glassopharynea nerve and to the DVG

Detects low O2
Not high O2

Question 36

Aortic body

Answer 36

Pass through vagus nerve and to DVG
Lower blood flow
Detects
Low O2
High CO2
Hight H+

Question 37

Central chemoreceptors

Answer 37

In Medulla oblongata
Hight Co2
HIGH H+