Module 2: Respirtory System Flashcards
Ventilation
Exchange of air between atmosphere and lungs
Internal Respiration
Movement of gas from lungs through bloodstream to cells
What does the lower RS consist of
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
What does the upper RS consist of
Nose
Pharynx
Associated structures
What is the RS responsible for
Create energy
Gas exchange
Vocalisation
Filtering
Warming
Ph
External Respiration
Movement of gasses between environment and cells of body
Describe location of Alveoli and their function
Microscopic chamber at termini of bronchial tree. Main site of gas exchange
Name the 3 regions of the Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Name 2 structures of the NASOpharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil
Tubal tonsil
What are vibrissae
Coarse hairs in the nasal vestibule that filter large particles from inspired air
What component of the upper respiratory system enhances turbulence in the inhaled air
Nasal conchae
Why is air turbulence important in inspiration
Help trap inhaled particles on the mucus coated surfaces
What are the two types of mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity
Olfactory mucosa
Olfactory epithelium
What are the layers if the tracheal wall (4)
Mucosa
Submucosa
Adventitia
Hyaline cartilage
Which structure seals the larynx when swallowing
Epiglottis
Which structural features of the trachea allow it to expand and contract, yet keep it from collapsing?
C-shaped cartilage rings of the trachea
What features of the Alveoli assist in the exchange of gas by diffusion
Large SA when connected
Thin membrane
Whats the difference between right and left bronchus
Right:
Wider
Shorter
More vertical
What the the conduction zone structure
Terminal bronchiole
(The tips of the bronchial tree; respiratory zone begins at terminal)
What are the three main types of cells found alveoli
Type I alveolar cells
Type II alveolar cells
Alveolar Macrophages
Describe Type I alveolar cells
Single layer of squamous epithelial cells
What are 2 important features of alveoli
- Surrounded my fine elastic fibres
- Open alveolar pores connect adjacent alveoli thus allowing air pressure to reach a state of equilibrium across the lung
Describe the subdivisions from the Trachea
Trachea -> Primary bronchi -> lobar bronchi -> segmental bronchus -> terminal bronchioles
What part of the lung receives air directly from a segmental ( tertiary) bronchus
Bronchopulmonary segment
Which vessel delivers oxygenated systemic blood to ling tissue
Bronchial arteries
What are the pleura membranes and their main functions
Visceral Pleura
Parietal Pleura (out to Party) (superficial to Visceral)
Pleural Cavity
Visceral Pleural function
Visceral (visible)
Covers surface of lung
- protects from friction
-maintain shape
- prevent lung for collapse
- Synchronising movement with chest
Pleural Cavity Function
Contains Pleural Fluid
- creates most surface ~> decrease friction
- holds lung tight against thoracic wall
Parietal Pleura function
Cover ❤️🫁 and major blood vessels
Protect form infection
Intergrity if pleural cavity
Question
Answer
Describe how structure of alveoli facilitates effective gas exchange. (5 marks)
- Thin Walls: Alveoli possess exceptionally thin walls due to Type 1 alveolar cells simple squamous cells, allowing a short distance for gas exchange, known as Fick’s Law.
- Huge Surface Area: Their grape-like clustering provides an expansive surface for effective gas exchange.
- Rich Capillary Network: A dense surrounding of blood capillaries enhances oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer efficiency
- Type II Cells: They secrete surfactant, reducing surface tension and ensuring alveoli remain open.
- Elastic Recoil: The elastic nature of alveolar walls allows them to stretch and contract, maintaining efficient air exchange during inhalation and exhalation.
What happens when NaCl content in body increases?
1.High salt content detected in the bloodstream
2. Posterior lobe of pituitary gland is stimulated to secrete Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) or vasopressin
3. ADH is carried to the kidney and stimulates increased reabsorption of water from the tubules
4. Reabsorbed water will attempt to balance the fluid compartments and result in lowering the concentration of Na+
5. Note high salt intake will also stimulate thirst centers leading to increased intake of water.
Distensibility
How much the lung and chest wall can stretch
three types of chemoreceptors
Carotid body
Aortic body
Central chemoreceptor
Carotid body
Pass through glassopharynea nerve and to the DVG
Detects low O2
Not high O2
Aortic body
Pass through vagus nerve and to DVG
Lower blood flow
Detects
Low O2
High CO2
Hight H+
Central chemoreceptors
In Medulla oblongata
Hight Co2
HIGH H+
