Module 2 Random Recalls - Vertebral Column and Thorax

Question 1

Composition of Vertebral Column

Answer 1

Cervical - Seven
Thoracic - Twelve
Lumbar - Five
Sacral - Five (fused in adult)
Coccyx - Four (fused in adult)

Question 2

Atypical Vertebra

Answer 2

C1, C2, C7, T1, T10, T11, T12, L5

Question 3

Atlas (C1)

Answer 3

No body
No spinous process
Has lateral mass on each side

Question 4

Axis (C2)

Answer 4

Has peg-like odontoid process called dens

Question 5

Vertebra prominens (C7)

Answer 5

Has the longest spinous process
Spinous process not bifid
Palpable

Question 6

Vertebral Column

Answer 6

Infant - 33

Adult - 26

Question 7

Number of Intervertebral discs

Answer 7

23 (Adult)

Question 8

Components of Intervertebral Discs

Answer 8

Nucleus Pulposus - gel-like gel-like matrix with high water content
Annulus fibrous - surrounds nucleus and serves as shock absorber

Question 9

4 articulations in a typical vertebra

Answer 9

Superior articulation - 2

Anterior articulation - 2

Question 10

Curvatures of Spinal Column

Answer 10

Primary curvatures (kyphosis) – thoracic and sacral curvatures
Secondary curvatures (lordosis) –  cervical and lumbar curvatures

Question 11

Typical Cervical Vertebrae

Answer 11

Body is small
Vert. Foramen is triangular in shape
Bifid spinous process

Question 12

Typical Thoracic Vertebrae

Answer 12

Body is triangular in shape
Vert. Foramen is circular
Spinous process is long and inclined downward

Question 13

Typical Lumbar Vertebrae

Answer 13

Body is kidney-shaped
Vert. Foramen is triangular
Spinous process is short and quadrilateral

Question 14

Zygapophyseal joint

Answer 14

Between superior and inferior facets of adjacent vertebrae

Allow gliding movements between the vertebrae

Question 15

Major Ligaments of Vert. Col. (at the AO joint)

Answer 15

Anterior AA membrane

Posterior AA membrane (aka Ligamentum Flavum)

Ligamentum flavum - strong, pain-sensitive, fibrous structure, connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae

Question 16

Major Ligaments of Vert. Col. (at the AA joint)

Answer 16

Apical ligament
Alar ligament
Cruciate ligament
Membrana tectoria

Question 17

Main Ligament of Vertebral Column (running thru vertebral bodies)

Answer 17

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL) - strongly attached, restricts hyperextension of trunk

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL) - weak, narrow, restricts hyperflexion, prevent the herniation of the intervertebral discs

Question 18

Main Ligament of Vertebral Column (running bet vertebral arches)

Answer 18

Supraspinous - run bet tips of adjacent spine

INterspinous - connects adjacent spines

INtertransverse - bet adjacent transverse process

Ligamentum flavum (“flamina”) - connect laminae of adj vertebra

Question 19

Main Joints of the Vertebral Column

Answer 19

Atlanto-Occipital Joints (“AO”) - formed between C1 and occiput, movement for nodding (saying “yes”), flexion, extension, and lateral flexion only (no rotation)

Atlantoaxial Joints (“AA”) - formed between C1 and C2, rotation motion, movement for saying “no”

Question 20

Joints between 2 vertebral bodies

Answer 20

vertebral bodies covered by hyaline cartilages

sandwich between plates of hyaline cartilage is an intervertebral disc of fibrocartilage

Question 21

Joints between 2 vertebral arches

Answer 21

synovial joint,

formed by superior and inferior articular process of adjacent vertebrae

Question 22

Motions of vertebral column

Answer 22

flexion
extension
lateral flexion/side bending
rotation

Question 23

Sacral Hiatus

Answer 23

Spinous process of the 5th sacral vertebra which did not form

Site of caudal anesthetic injections given just before childbirth

Question 24

Parts of line of normal posture

Answer 24

C1-C7 vertebral bodies
T10 vertebral body
Lumbosacral junction
Common axis of hip joint
Front of SI joint
Knee joint
Front of ankle joint

Question 25

Spinal cord

Answer 25

A cylindrical, grayish white structure Begins at the foramen magnum Continuous with the medulla oblongata of the brain Terminates inferiorly in the adult at the level of the lower border of the first vertebra

Question 26

Region of Spinal Cord

Answer 26

Cervical region - gives origin to the brachial plexus Lower thoracic and lumbar regions – give origin to the lumbosacral plexus

Question 27

Meninges of Spinal Cord

Answer 27

Dura mater: Most external membrane Dense, strong, fibrous sheet Encloses the spinal cord and cauda equina Extends along each nerve root Arachnoid mater: Separated from the deep pia mater by a wide space, the subarachnoid space, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Pia mater: Vascular membrane that covers the spinal cord Fuses with the filum terminale Forms the ligamentum denticulatum when thickened

Question 28

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 28

Clear, colorless fluid formed mainly by the choroid plexuses, within the lateral, third and fourth ventricles of the brain

Question 29

Blood supply of Spinal Cord

Answer 29

Posterior spinal arteries (2) Anterior spinal artery (1) Radicular arteries – reinforce the posterior and anterior spinal arteries Internal vertebral venous plexus – venous drainage of the spinal cord vein

Question 30

Bony components of the Thoracic Cage

Answer 30

Costae Sternum 12 thoracic vertebrae

Question 31

Categories of Ribs

Answer 31

True (vertebrosternal) ribs – first 7 pairs of ribs False ribs: a) Vertebrochondral – 8th, 9th, 10th ribs b) Floating (vertebral) ribs – 11th and 12th ribs

Question 32

Parts of the Sternum

Answer 32

Manubrium – upper part of sternum (T3-T4 level) Body – T5- T8 level Xiphoid process – thin plate of cartilage that becomes ossified at its proximal end during adult life (T10 level)

Question 33

Joints in the sternum

Answer 33

Manubriosternal joint (T3) - articulates body with manubrium Xiphisternal joint (T10) - articulates xiphoid process with body of sternum

Question 34

Sternal Angle (Angle of Louis)

Answer 34

Angle between manubrium and body of sternum Found at second costal cartilages point at which counting of ribs starts T4-T5

Question 35

Subcostal Angle

Answer 35

found at the inferior end of sternum found between the sternal attachments of 7th costal cartilages

Question 36

Roots of Spinal Nerves

Answer 36

31 pairs of spinal nerves | Divided into anterior (motor roots) and posterior (sensory roots)

Question 37

Posterior root ganglion

Answer 37

cells that give rise to peripheral and central nerve fibers

Question 38

Intervertebral foramina

Answer 38

where spinal nerves passes and unite to form a spinal nerve

Question 39

Posterior Rootlets and Roots

Answer 39

carry sensory (afferent) impulses from spinal nerves to spinal cord

Question 40

Anterior Rootlets and Roots

Answer 40

carry motor (efferent) impulses from spinal cord to spinal nerves

Question 41

Regions of Spinal Cord

Answer 41

Cervical region - gives origin to brachial plexus Lower thoracic and lumbar regions - give origin to lumbosacral plexus

Question 42

Anterior cervical landmarks

Answer 42

Hyoid - C3 Thyroid - C4 Cricoid - C6

Question 43

Anterior and Posterior Landmarks of Spine (thoracolumbosacral)

Answer 43

*Sing in tune nga gin tudlo ni jesah ``` Posterior: T2 - superior angle T3 - scapular spine T7 - inferior angle L4 - iliac crest L5 - tubercle (iliac crest) S2 - Post. Sup. Iliac Spine ``` Anterior: T10 - xiphoid process