Identify the sutures responsible for: 1. Frontal-parietal 2. Parietal-parietal 3. Parietal-occipital

1. Coronal 2. Sagittal 3. Lambdoid

Module 2 Random Recalls - Head and Neck Flashcards by RECALLS FOR MED

Several separate bones united at immobile joints called ________. Except, _______ which is united to the skull by the mobile ___________.

Sutures, Mandible, TMJ

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layer of spongy bone separating the external and internal tables of the skull

Diploë

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Layers of the SCALP

S- Skin
C- Connective Tissue Layer
A- Aponeurosis
L- Loose Connective Tissue
P- Periosteum

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__________ forms the roof and side walls of the cranial cavity; ________ is the lowest part of the cranium and forms the floor of the cranial cavity

Skull vault (calvarium); Base

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2 divisions of cranium

Neurocranium/ cranial vault or calvaria Facial cranium/visceral cranium

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NEUROCRANIUM • Composed of 8 bones

What are these bones? Classify if it’s paired or unpaired

PAIRED LATERAL BONES
• Temporal (2) from the side
• Parietal (2)

UNPAIRED MIDLINE BONES 
• Frontal (1)  will fuse in the adult form that’s why it becomes one
• Occipital (1) 
• Ethmoid (1) 
• Sphenoid (1)

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FACIAL CRANIUM

Classify if it’s paired or unpaired

PAIRED BONES 
• Zygomatic  
• Maxillae 
• Nasal 
• Lacrimal 
• Palatine 
• Inferior conchae

UNPAIRED BONES
• Vomer
• Mandible

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Diamoned-shaped
Closes at 18 months
Forms the bregma

Anterior fontanelle

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Triangle-shaped

Forms the lambda

Posterior fontanelle

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Identify the sutures responsible for:

Frontal-parietal
Parietal-parietal
Parietal-occipital

Coronal
Sagittal
Lambdoid

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Articulations of the frontal bone

Frontal processes of maxilla and with nasal bones (Medially)
Zygomatic bone (Laterally)

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Smooth part of forehead found between eyebrows

Glabella

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Borders of the orbital margins are as follows:

Frontal bone (superior)
Maxilla (inferior)
Zygomatic bone (lateral)
Processes of maxilla and frontal bone (medial)

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___________ are paired bones forming the bridge of the nose; nasal cavity is divided into two by _________

Nasal bones; nasal septum

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Shelves of bone that projects into the nasal cavity from the ethmoid on each side

Superior and middle conchae

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Upper jaw
Anterior part of hard palate
Part of lateral walls of nasal cavities
Part of the floors of orbital cavities

The following are structures formed by _________

Paired maxillae

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Two maxillae meet in the midline at the ___________

Intermaxillary suture

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Project downward in the maxilla and found at each side

Alveolar processes

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Articulations of zygomatic bone (cheek bone) are:

Maxilla (medially)

Zygomatic processes of temporal bone (laterally)

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Consists of horizontal body and two vertical rami, body and angle

Mandible (lower jaw)

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Squamous, tympanic, mastoid process, styloid process, and zygomatic process

The following are parts of ___________

Temporal bone

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The following bones complete the skull at the side

Squamous part of the occipital bone
Parts of the temporal bone
Greater wing of the sphenoid

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Vertical opening that lies within the fossa between the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and back of the maxilla

Pterygomaxillary fissure

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Pterygopalatine fossa communicates with:

Infratemporal fossa through the pterygomaxillary fissure (laterally)
Nasal cavity through the sphenopalatine foramen (medially)
Cranial cavity through the foramen rotundum (superiorly)

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Composition of Vertebral Column

``` Cervical - 7 Thoracic - 12 Lumbar - 5 Sacral- 5 (fuses in adult) Coccyx - 4 (fuses in adult) ```

Weak spot of the skull; where the anteroinferior corner of the parietal bone articulates with sphenoid, temporal, and frontal

Pterion

Roughened elevation at the midline of the occipital bone which gives attachment to muscles and the ligamentum nuchae It has also lines which extent laterally toward the temporal bone on either side of the protuberance. What are these lines?

External occipital protuberance | Superior nuchae lines

Projects downward and forward from behind the ear

Mastoid process

Lies anterior and medial to the mastoid process and gives attachment to several muscles and ligaments

Styloid process

Atypical Vertebrae:

C1, C2, C7, T1, T10, T11, T12, L5

Formed by the medial end of the petrous part of temporal bone, basilar part of occipital bone, and greater wing of the sphenoid; only a few small structures pass through it

Foramen Lacerum

Formed by the deep notch of the petrous part of temporal bone and the shallower notch on occipital bone

Jugular Foramen

Atlas (C1)

No body No spinous process Has Lateral mass on each side

Large, rounded prominences on either side of the foramen magnum; this structure also attaches to atlas

Occipital Condyles

Axis (C2)

Has peg-like odontoid process called dens

Where hypoglossal nerve traverses; found anterosuperior to the occipital condyle

Hypoglossal canal

A sharp upward projection of the ethmoid bone in the midline for the attachment of the falx cerebri

Crista Galli

Vertebra prominens (C7)

Has the longest spinous process | No bifid spinous process

Holes for blood vessels

Vascular Grooves

Components of Intervertebral Discs

Nucleus pulposus - gel-like matrix with high water content Annulus fibrous - surrounds the nucleus (shock absorber)

Identify the fossa Borders Anterior border: inner surface of frontal bone Posterior border: lesser wing of the sphenoid

Anterior cranial fossa

Identify the fossa Borders Anterior border: superior borders of the petrous parts of temporal bone Posterior border: squamous part of occipital bone

Posterior cranial fossa

Primary curvatures (kyphotic)

Thoracic and sacral curvatures

Secondary Curvatures (Lordosis)

Cervical and lumbar curvatures

Identify the fossa Borders Anterior border: lesser wings of the sphenoid Posterior border: superior borders of the petrous parts of temporal bones

Middle cranial fossa

What passes through the perforations in cribiform plate?

Olfactory nerves

Olfactory nerve and ophthalmic artery were transmitted by what opening in the skull?

Optic canal

Oculomotor, trochlear, nasociliary, frontal, frontal, lacrimal, abducens nerves and superior ophthalmic vein pass through the ________

Superior orbital fissure

Foramen rotundum transmits _______

Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve

Foramen ovale transmits ________

Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve and lesser petrosal nerve

Foramen spinosum transmits __________

Middle meningeal artery

Medulla oblongata, spinal part of accessory nerve and right and left vertebral arteries are transmitted by __________

Foramen Magnum

Hypoglossal canal transmits ____________

Hypoglossal nerve

Glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory nerves, and internal jugular vein are transmitted by ___________

Jugular foramen

Internal acoustic meatus transmits _____________

Facial and vestibulocochlear nerves

Perforations in cribiform plate are found in __________ Cranial Fossa

``` Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum ``` The following openings are found in _____________

Middle Cranial Fossa

Foramen magnum Hypoglossal canal Jugular foramen Internal acoustic meatus The following openings are found in ___________

Posterior Cranial Fossa

TRUE / FALSE Modification of facial expression is the primary function of facial muscles. Its secondary function is to serve as sphincters or dilators of these structures.

FALSE The main function of the facial muscles is to serve as sphincters or dilators of these structures. Modification of facial expression is its secondary function

TRUE / FALSE All facial muscles are developed from the second pharyngeal arch and supplied by the facial nerve.

TRUE

Circular muscle around the eye wherein when ligament contracts and shortens it causes eyes to squint and skin around the eyes to fold Insertion and origin: Medial palpebral ligament

Orbicularis oculi

Identify the muscle "Frown lines" Raises the eyebrow It is absent at the middle, so creases are not observed at that part.

Frontalis muscle

Identify the muscles responsible for: "Glabellar Frown Lines" Produces the 11 line between the eyebrows

Procerus – when it contracts, it lowers the medial eyebrow and produce creasing Corrugator supercilii – triangular muscles on the lateral end of procerus; when it contracts, it makes the medial side of the eyebrow meet together

What are these smiling muscles which pull lips upwards producing a smile

Zygomaticus minor | Zygomaticus major

Facial muscles which produce upward movement from the corner of the mouth

Levator Labi superioris | Levator Anguli Oris

Facial muscles which produce downward movement of the from the corner of the mouth

Depressor Anguli Oris (DAO) | Depressor Labi Inferioris

Antagonistic muscles responsible for Eyebrow Shaping

Frontalis – pull upward | Orbicularis oculi – pulls downward

“Bunny Lines” Wrinkles found in the nose produced by __________

Produced by Levator Labii Superioris Alequae Nasi (LLSAN) and Nasalis

What muscle is responsible for “Gummy Smile” or Smile that show more gums?

Levator Labii Superioris Alequae Nasi (LLSAN) | - Muscle pulls a little bit more upward

A circular muscle around the mouth responsible for "Smoker's Lines"

Orbicularis oris

Marionette’s Lines are produced by _________ which pulls the skin downward and forward

Depressor Anguli Oris (DAO)

Cobblestone chin is caused by ___________ which pulls the skin of the chin upward and underneath causing wrinkling

Mentalis muscle

What wrinkling is referred to when the platysma muscle in the neck produces a very prominent creasing. Muscle is very active yet the skin is very loose.

Turkey Gobbler Neck

Masseter muscle Temporalis Medial Pretygoid Lateral Pterygoid These are muscles of __________ Identify the 3 muscles that produce closure of the jaw and 1 muscle responsible for opening of the jaw

Mastication Closes the Jaw: Masseter muscle Temporalis Medial Pretygoid Opens the Jaw: Lateral Pterygoid

____________ is the major salivary gland which produces majority of stimulated saliva. Afterwhich, it transports saliva to __________ duct which carries it inward into the mouth and pierces through the Buccinator muscle

Parotid Glands | Stensen’s Duct

___________ gland produces majority of unstimulated saliva (at rest) and transports it to ________ duct

Submandibular Gland | Wharton’s duct

__________ is a minor salivary glands found underneath the lingua or the tounge and it drains to ____________

Sublingual glands | Ducts of Rivinus

Very big muscle used as a line guide since it divides the neck into the posterior and anterior regions

Sternocleidomastoid Muscle (SCM) NTK: Has 2 bellies: 1. Connects sternum and mastoid 2. Connects clavilc and mastoid

Big muscle that spand the back of the neck, shoulder and the back; inserts into the back of the head, shoulders and the lower back

Trapezius – “Traps”

Anterior, middle and posterior muscles at the neck

Scalene

There is a gap between Anterior and Middle scalene because it is where the __________ and __________ insert and exist the neck

Subclavian artery | Brachial plexus