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OB/GYN 303 > Module 2: Ovarian Pathology > Flashcards

Module 2: Ovarian Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a follicular cyst?

A

Normal functional simple cyst due to LH and FSH stimulating ovary to mature occyte.

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2
Q

How large are follicular cysts?

A

Grows 3mm-24mm in 10 days

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3
Q

What is a corpus luteum cyst?

A

A normal functional cyst with debris that occurs after the follicle ruptures during ovulation.

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4
Q

How large are corpus luteum cysts?

A

1-10 cm

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5
Q

How fast do corpus luteum cysts resolve?

A

No pregnancy = 8 weeks

Pregnancy = 12-15 weeks

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6
Q

What is a persistent cyst?

A

A follicular or corpus luteum that grows large before rupturing and causing pain.

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7
Q

What is a paraovarian cyst?

A

A thin walled, asymptomatic cyst that grows from the remnants of embryonic ducts

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8
Q

Are paraovarian cysts surrounded by ovarian tissue?

A

No

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9
Q

How large are paraovatian cysts?

A

1-4cm, not affected by cycle.

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10
Q

What is a urachal cyst?

A

A cyst that grows from a remnant in development of the bladder.

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11
Q

Where are urachal cysts located?

A

Midline, anterior abdominal wall between umbilicus and bladder.

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12
Q

What is a omental cyst?

A

Cyst located higher in the pelvis/abdomen along the omentum.

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13
Q

What are theca lutean cysts?

A

Mulitple, bilateral cysts that are caused by excessive amounts of hCG.

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14
Q

How large are theca lutean cysts?

A

Several cm

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15
Q

What are theca lutean cysts associated with?

A
  1. Multi pregnancies
  2. Molar pregnancy
  3. Choriocarcinoma
  4. Hyper-stimulation syndrome
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16
Q

What can happen to a theca lutean cyst?

A

Hemorrhage, rupture, torsion

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17
Q

What is hyper stimulation?

A

A life threatening condition due to pergonal over stimulation.

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18
Q

What is PCOS and what is it?

A

Polycyctic ovarian syndrome is when the ovary has many immature follicles that never mature or rupture (no ovulation).

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19
Q

Why does PCOS occure?

A

Increased androgen secretion from the ovarian stroma (imbalanced) results in no surge of LH.

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20
Q

What is another name for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome?

A

Stein-Leventhal syndrome

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21
Q

Who is affected by PCOS?

A

Women 20-30 years old.

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of PCOS? (5)

A
  • Obesity
  • Hirsutism
  • Infrequent menses (oligomenorrhea)
  • Ogliomenorrhea
  • Infertility
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23
Q

What is Hirsutism?

A

Male pattern hair growth in females.

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24
Q

What is PCOS associated with?

A

Endometrial cancer

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25
What is the most extreme form of PCOS?
Hyperthecosis, or thecosis
26
How is PCOS diagnosed?
Blood is tested for increased testosterone
27
How does PCOS appear on US?
Slightly enlarged ovaries with multiple, small cysts around the periphery ("string of pearls").
28
What is incomplete ovarian torsion?
Large, edematous ovaries with multiple cysts (fluid retention due to congestion).
29
What is complete ovarian torsion?
Increased or decreased echotexture due to infarct or hemorrhage.
30
How do you evaluate torsion?
With colour and spectral doppler.
31
What is serous cystadenoma?
- Epithelial - Simple cystic - Benign - Menstruating - May have septations
32
What is Serous Cystadenocarcinoma?
- Epithelial - Complex - Malignant
33
What is the most common malignant ovarian cancer?
Serous cystadenocarcinoma (60%)
34
How large is Serous cystadenocarcinoma?
Large, Greater than 10 cm
35
What is Mucinous Cystadenoma?
- Epithelial - Complex w/ debris (mucin) - Benign
36
How large is Mucinous Cystadenoma?
Very large, 15 -30 cm at risk to rupture because of size.
37
What is Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma
- Epithelial - Complex - Malignant - Rare
38
What is Mucinous Cystadenoma at risk of?
1. Rupture | 2. Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
39
What is Pseudomyxoma Peritonei?
Massive adhesions from the mucin in the acites
40
What is Endometrioid Carcinoma?
- Epithelial - Complex/solid - Usually malignant - Menopausal
41
How large are Endometrioid Carcinoma?
Large, 10 - 15 cm
42
What is Endometrioid Carcinoma associated with?
Endometrial cancer
43
What is Clear Cell Carcinoma?
- Epithelial - Complex - Malignant
44
What are other names for clear cell carcinoma?
Mesonephroid (mullerian duct origin)
45
What is clear cell carcinoma a variant of?
Endometrioid carcinoma
46
What is Brenner's Tumors?
- Epithelial - Solid - Benign - Unilateral
47
What is Brenner's Tumor also known as?
Transitional Cell Tumor
48
What are the germ cell layers?
1. Endoderm 2. Mesoderm 3. Ectoderm
49
What is a Cystic Teratoma?
- Germ Cell - Complex (calcifications/teeth/hair) - Benign (2% malignant) - all ages - Tip of the iceberg
50
What accounts for 25 % of all ovarian neoplasms?
Cystic Teratoma
51
What is Cystic Teratoma also known as?
Mature teratoma or dermoid
52
What is a solid teratoma?
- Germ cell - Solid (complex internal echoes) - Benign to highly malignant - Young children and women
53
What is another name for solid Teratoma?
Immature teratoma
54
What is Dysgerminoma?
- Germ cell - Solid (areas of necrosis) - Malignant (radiosensitive) - Young women
55
What is Dysgerminoma associated with?
Choriocarcinoma (elavated hCG)
56
What is the male counterpart to dysgerminoma?
Seminoma
57
What is Endodermal Sinus Tumor?
- Germ cell - Solid - Malignant (rapid growth)
58
What is Endodermal Sinus Tumor also known as?
Yolk Sac tumor
59
What increases with the Endodermal Sinus Tumor?
AFP
60
What are sex cord (stromal tumors)?
Connective cell tumors
61
What is Granulosa Cell Tumor
- Connective tissue - Usuall Benign - solid
62
What do granulosa cell tumours cause? (4)
- Estrogen production - Precocious puperty in cheldren - Irregular cycle (wonky hormones) - Increased risk of endo CA
63
What is Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor?
- Connective tissue - Solid (necrosis) - 10 - 20 % become maignant (usually benign) - Adolesence
64
What does Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor produce?
Androgens (masculinization)
65
What are the other names for Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumors?
Androblastoma and Arrenoblastoma
66
What is a fibroma?
- Connective tissue - Solid (fibroid like) - Unilateral
67
What are fibromas associated with?
Meig's Syndrome
68
What is Meigs syndrome?
Hydrothorax and ascites with an ovarian mass but | once the mass is removed the Meigs’ Syndrome resolves.
69
What is Krukenberg's Tumor?
Bilateral metastatic ovarian tumours that produce mucin (thick acites
70
What are secondary ovarian tumors?
Cancer that spreads to ovaries from somewhere else (GI or breast) large complex masses
71
Mutation of what genes may increase breast and ovarian cancer?
BRCA 1 and BRCA 2
72
What cancer does MSH 2 and MLH1 associate with?
Colon
73
What is an antibody used to detect ovarian cancer?
Ca 125
74
What ovarian masses have similar appearances? CHEETAH
``` Cystadenoma / ca Hemorrhagic cyst Ectopic Endometrioma Teratoma Abscess Hydrosalpinx ```
75
What are Granulosa Cell Tumors also known as?
1. Theca - Luteal Cell Tumor | 2. Thecoma
76
What is the 4th leading cause of death due to cancer in women?
Ovarian cancer
77
What % of women present with advanced ovarian cancer and ascites?
75%
78
How does childbirth affect the risk of ovarian cancer?
Increased risk in nulliparous or low parity women.
79
What is the peak age for ovarian cancer?
60-70 years
80
How often does sporadic ovarian cancer occur in women over 50?
90%
81
What other type of cancer is ovarian cancer strongly linked to?
Breast Ca

OB/GYN 303 (21 decks)

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