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Biology > Module 2-Nucelotides and nucleic acids > Flashcards

Module 2-Nucelotides and nucleic acids Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 main types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

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2
Q

What is a genome?

A

cells entire genetic content

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3
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

Genetic material of a living organism

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4
Q

Where is DNA found in eukaryotes?

A

Mainly in nucleus but can also be found in chloroplasts and mitochondria

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5
Q

Where is DNA found in prokaryotes?

A

It is found in the cytoplasm as not enclosed in any membranous envelope

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6
Q

What is RNA mainly involved in?

A

Ribo nucleic acid is mostly involved in synthesising proteins

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7
Q

What are ribosomes formed from?

A

RNA and proteins

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8
Q

How does DNA transfer genetic material to the rest of the cell?

A

It uses messenger RNA to transfer genetic information out of the nucleus

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9
Q

What bond is formed between two nucleotides?

A

Phosphodiester

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10
Q

What does each nucleotide contain?

A

A pentose sugar, nitrogenous base and a phosphate group

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11
Q

Where does a phosphodiester bond form between two nucleotides?

A

Sugar group on one and phosphate group on the other

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12
Q

Components of a DNA nucleotide

A

Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, adenine/guanine/cytosine/thymine

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13
Q

Components of an RNA nucleotide

A

Ribose sugar, phosphate group, adenine/cytosine/guanine/thymine

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14
Q

What 3 things is the genetic code?

A

Degenerate, non overlapping and universal

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15
Q

What does degenerate mean?

A

Some amino acids are encoded from more than one codon

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16
Q

What does universal mean?

A

The same 4 bases are used on the DNA of every organism. Codons in dna are transcribed into mRNA and translated into amino acids in every organism

17
Q

What does non overlapping mean ?

A

There’s no overlapping between triplet codes

18
Q

DNA structure?

A

-2 polynucleotide chains arranged in a double helix
-the sugar and phosphate lie on the outside of the helix and form the backbone of the DNA
-the nitrogenous bases are stacked in the inside of the helix
-hydrogen bonds hold base pairs together

19
Q

RNA structure?

A

-relatively short, single polynucleotide chain
-composed of ribonucleotides that are linked by phosphodiester bonds

20
Q

What is the base complementary rule?

A

DNA strands are complementary to one another
-A and G are both purines and contain a double carbon ring structure and 2 hydrogen bonds
-C and T are both pyrimidines containing single carbon ring structures and 3 hydrogen bonds

21
Q

Why is DNA replication semi conservative?

A

-when a cell divides, it forms 2 daughter cells so needs to duplicate its DNA so each daughter cell inherits a full set of DNA
-each of the 2 strands in the double helix are used as a template from which new strands are copied
-after replication the new DNA is made up of one original polynucleotide and a new complementary strand.

22
Q

Describe the process of replication

A

-DNA helicase binds to DNA and breaks the hydrogen bonds between the 2 strands
-the DNA helix unwinds and the 2 strands separate
-free floating nucleotides form hydrogen bonds with the complementary bases
-each strand is used as a template to produce complementary strands `
-DNA polymerase forms phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides
-2 new DNA strands are synthesised

23
Q

Describe how the strands of the double helix are joined together?

A

-the phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5’ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3’ carbon sugar
-the bond is called the 5’-3’ phosphodiester linkage

24
Q

What enzyme catalyses the condensation reaction between the nucleotides in the DNA strand?

A

DNA polymerase

25
Q

Why is ATP called a nucleotide derivative?

A

because it is a modified form of a nucleotide

26
Q

What are the components of ATP?

A

-adenine (nitrogenous base)
-ribose (5 carbon sugar)
-3 phosphate groups

27
Q

What is the primary energy currency of cells?

A

ATP

28
Q

When does hydrolysis of ATP occur?

A

when a cell needs energy

29
Q

State the hydrolysis reaction of ATP

A

ATP+H2O->ADP+inorganic phosphate group+(energy)

30
Q

What is the enzyme called the catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

ATP hydrolase

31
Q

What is the energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP used for?

A

to perform work inside the cell

32
Q

What is the inorganic phosphate released in ATP used for?

A

to phosphorylate other compounds which often makes the compounds more reactive

33
Q

What enzymes catalyses the condensation of ATP?

A

ATP synthase

34
Q

Name the 2 stages of polypeptide synthesis

A

transcription and translation

35
Q

Describe the process of transcription

A

1)RNA polymerase binds to the locus of the gene to be transcribed
2)DNA helicase unwinds the double strands of DNA and breaks the hydrogen bonds between the 2 strands
3)the bases of the target gene are exposed so RNA polymerase binds free floating RNA nucleotides to the template strand (so it is complementary to the target)
4)RNA nucleotides form a strand of mRNA that is complementary to the template strand
5)RNA polymerase reaches the triplet of bases that signal stop so the RNA polymerase stops separating the DNA and producing mRNA
6)the hydrogen bonds between the 2 strands of DNA form again
7)the completed mRNA strand leaves the nucleus and enter s the cytoplasm

36
Q

Describe the process of translation

A

1)mRNA that has been produced during transcription binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm
2)6 bases can fit inside the ribosome at one time
3)one molecule of tRNA binds to the first codon in the ribosome
4)the tRNA molecule has an anti codon that is complementary to a specific codon, this allows the anticodon to bind to the correct codon
5)each tRNA molecule carries a specific amino acid into the ribosome which is bound to tRNA using ATP
6)a second tRNA molecule binds to the second codon in the ribosome, the corresponding amino acid is brought into the ribosome
7)the 2 amino acids in the ribosome form a peptide bond and the ribosome then moves along the mRNA strand so that a new codon enters the ribosome
8)when the stop codon is reached there is no corresponding tRNA molecule and the polypeptide chain is released from the ribosome
9)the polypeptide chain has been formed

Biology (13 decks)

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