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Biology > Module 2- Cell division, diversity and organisation > Flashcards

Module 2- Cell division, diversity and organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 major phases of the cell cycle?

A

-interphase
-mitotic phase

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2
Q

What happens during interphase (3 stages)?

A

G1=the cell grows
S=DNA synthesis happens
G2=the cell grows more

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3
Q

What happens during mitotic phase?

A

-eukaryotic cell divides to produce 2 genetically identical daughter cells

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4
Q

Why do multicellular organisms go through mitosis?

A

-multi cellular organisms go through mitosis to grow and repair damaged tissue

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5
Q

What happens at the first checkpoint G1?

A

-DNA is checked to ensure there’s no damage, the cell is the right size and has enough energy reserves

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6
Q

What happens at the second checkpoint G2?

A

chromosomes are checked to ensure they have all been replicated and none of the DNA is faulty

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7
Q

What happens at the 3rd checkpoint M?

A

sister chromatids are checked to confirm that their attachment to the spindle are suitable

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8
Q

What happens during interphase of mitosis?

A

-cell prepares to divide
-DNA is replicated via semi conservative replication
-organelles are replicated
-more ATP is produced to use during cell division

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9
Q

What happens during prophase of mitosis?

A

-nuclear envelope and nucleolus break down
-chromosomes are left floating in the cytoplasm
-chromosomes coil more tightly and become shorter and flatter
-centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
-microtubules form mitotic spindle between the centrioles

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10
Q

What happens during metaphase of mitosis?

A

-chromosomes line up along the mid line of the cell
-chromsomes are the most condensed
-chromosomes are attached to the spindle by the centromere

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11
Q

What happens during anaphase of mitosis?

A

-chromosomes break down into chromatids
-the 2 sister chromatids separate at the centromere
-the spindles contract and pull the chromatids to each end of the cell

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12
Q

What happens during telophase of mitosis?

A

-chromatids reach the opposite poles and begin to decondense becoming chromosomes again
-nuclear envelope reforms to form 2 nuclei
-the cytoplasm splits and 2 daughter cells are formed

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13
Q

What is the significance of mitosis?

A

-asexual reproduction
-allows single celled organisms to reproduce rapidly
-allows somatic cells to reproduce and form clones that can perform the exact same function within the body as parent cells
-introduces no genetic variation

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14
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

production of haploid gametes from diploid cells

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15
Q

What happens in interphase in meiosis?

A

chromosomes replicate

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16
Q

What happens in prophase 1 of meiosis?

A

chromosomes condense to form a double armed chromosome
-each arm is made from 1 chromatid and is joined by a centromere

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17
Q

What happens in metaphase 1 of meiosis?

A

chromosomes in a homologous pair are arranged in the centre of the cell

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18
Q

What happens in anaphase 1 of meiosis?

A

homologous chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite ends of the cell by spindle fibres

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19
Q

What happens in telophase 1 of meiosis?

A

random combinations of chromosomes are pulled to each side of the cell

20
Q

What happens in cytokinesis 1 of meiosis?

A

the cell divides into 2 cells which are genetically different

21
Q

What happens in prophase 2 of meiosis?

A

chromatids condense again

22
Q

What happens in metaphase 2 of meiosis?

A

chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell

23
Q

What happens in anaphase 2 of meiosis?

A

sister chromatids are separated from spindle fibres and pulled to opposite ends of the cell

24
Q

What happens in telophase 2 of meiosis?

A

as the sister chromatids are separated the cell divides into 2 cells

25
Q

What happens in cytokinesis 2 of meiosis?

A

4 genetically different cells are produced

26
Q

What is the significance of meiosis?

A

-sexual reproduction
-individual inherits one copy of a chromosome from each parent
-produces gametes
-any 2 gametes could fuse together to produce any combination of chromosomes

27
Q

How is genetic variation generated in each daughter cell?

A

-crossing over-sections of DNA are swapped between the chromosomes in a pair producing new combinations of alleles

-independent assortment-chromosomes in a homologous pair are separated in meiosis 1 in a random formation

28
Q

What are neutrophils and their adaptations?

A

-phagocytotic leukocytes involved in one of the early lines of defence against pathogens
-multilobed nucleus so cell can squeeze through small gaps to get to the site of infection
-lots of lysosomes to digest enzymes

29
Q

What are guard cells and their adaptations?

A

-control the opening and closing of the stomata
-when guard cells are flacid the stomata close
-when guard cells are turgid the stomata open
-large vacuole for water to move in and out via osmosis

30
Q

What are root hair cells and their adaptations?

A

-lots of mitochondria for a.t
-lots of mineral ions in cytoplasm lowers the w.p so water moves into the roots via osmosis
-hair like projection increases surface area for osmosis
-don’t contain chloroplast as they are underground so can’t photosynthesise

31
Q

What are sperm cells and their adaptations?

A

-acrosome in the head of the sperm contains digestive enzymes to enter the egg
-streamlined shape for faster movement
-lots of mitochondria to provide more energy as travel far

32
Q

What are squamos epithelial cells and their adaptations?

A

-small and flat
-sensory nerve endings are embedded within to allow outside sensory stimuli to be received
-allows for selective transport of substances

33
Q

What are red blood cells and their adaptations?

A

-biconcave shape to increase surface area to absorb more oxygen via diffusion
-no nucleus so there is more space to carry oxygen
-small and flexible to squeeze through small capillaries

34
Q

Name all the components of the digestive system

A

pancreas, stomach, liver, small intestine, large intestine, salivary glands

35
Q

Name the 4 types of stem cells

A

totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, unipotent

36
Q

What are totipotent cells?

A

-exist for only a very limited time during embryonic development in mammals
-during development they translate only part of their DNA meaning the cells remain unspecialised
-are able to produce any type of blood cell as well as cells of supportive structures

37
Q

What are pluripotent cells?

A

-are able to divide unlimited numbers and produce any type of cell that makes up the body
-can be used to treat human disorder

38
Q

What are multipotent cells?

A

-found in mature mammals
-can develop into a limited number of cell types

39
Q

What are unipotent cells?

A

-found in mature mammals
-can divide to produce new cells but can only produce 1 type of cell

40
Q

Where can stem cells be taken from?

A

-adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells

41
Q

What can stem cells be used for?

A

-reduce preventable deaths
-treat conditions that decrease QOL

42
Q

What are induced pluripotent cells used for and how are they made?

A

-to treat disease
-help avoid ethical issues of using embryos
-somatic cells are converted into IP cells by activating genes using appropriate protein transcription factors
-this makes somatic cells unspecialised

43
Q

What is a benefit of induced pluripotent cells?

A

-can be made from patients own body cells, decreasing the chance of rejection during transplants

44
Q

What stem cells do bone marrow transplants use?

A

multipotent stem cells

45
Q

What are bone marrow transplants used for?

A

treat blood and immune disorders

46
Q

What are the developmental applications of stem cells?

A

-used to develop artificial tissues
-used to see how an embryo develops and organs are formed

Biology (13 decks)

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