Module 2: Lesson 4 Flashcards
What is catabolism?
Enzyme-catalyzed reactions by which complex molecules are degraded to smaller ones with the release of energy.
What is anabolism?
A set of metabolic pathways by which large molecules are made from smaller ones.
How does the cell utilize nutrients?
Cellular energy and activated carriers, glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, tricarboxylic acid/Krebs cycle, metabolism regulation
What are the ways ATP is made?
Substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
What is the value of Gibbs free energy for an energetically favorable reaction?
A negative Gibbs free energy value.
What can drive energetically favorable reactions?
Reaction coupling with a negative Gibbs value reaction
What are the goals of glycolysis, and how many steps is it?
Glycolysis partially oxidizes glucose and produces ATP in the absence of oxygen. It is 10 steps to make 2 pyruvate.
Aside from glycolysis, what can produce ATP in the absence of oxygen?
Fermentation, which restores the NAD+ consumed in Step 6 of glycolysis.
What is pyruvate converted to in the mitochondrial matrix?
Acetyl-CoA and CO2
What is Acetyl-CoA and what is its function?
Acetyl-CoA is an activated carrier that donates the carbon atoms from the acetyl group to many metabolic reactions. A thioester bond links an acetyl from to CoA, and is found in the cytoplasm and mitochondria.
What happens with lipids at acetyl-CoA?
Lipid oxidation converges with glucose and amino acid oxidation. Fatty acids are released from triacylglycerols by lipases and coupled with CoA by ATP.
Where is fatty acyl CoA oxidized?
In the mitochondria. Beta oxidation also occurs in the peroxisome.
What does one turn of the TCA/Krebs cycle produce?
3 NADH + 1 FADH2 + 1 GTP + 2 CO2
What metabolic function completes nutrient catabolism and generates the bulk of ATP made by cells?
Oxidative phosphorylation, which produces 30-32 ATP.
What is the goal of gluconeogenesis and why is it energetically expensive?
Gluconeogenesis synthesizes glucose from pyruvate and requires 4 ATP and 2 GTP
What allows cellular metabolism coordination?
Feedback regulation
Which metabolic functions provide precursors needed for cells to synthesize many important organic molecules?
Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
