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N232 > Module 2: Inflm and infection > Flashcards

Module 2: Inflm and infection Flashcards

1
Q

What diagnostics should you check for inflmn?

A
  • WBC count
  • differential
  • CRP
  • rheumatoid factor
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2
Q

What diagnostics should you check for infection?

A
  • WBC count
  • Differential
  • CRP
  • Procalcitonin
  • Id of organism
  • Gram stain
  • Culture and sensitivity
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3
Q

what do WBC’s signify?

A

activation of the inflammatory response and possible infection

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4
Q

What do neutophils signify and what is the normal range?

A
  • bacterial and pyrogenic infection

- 2-6

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5
Q

What do eosinophils signify ?

A
  • allergis dosorders and parasitic infection
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6
Q

What do basophils signify ?

A

parasitic inflmn, some allergic diorders

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7
Q

What do lymphocytes signify ?

A
  • viral infection
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8
Q

What do monocyte signify ?

A

chronic infection

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9
Q

What does rheumatoid factor signify ?

A

diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis

<60 negative result

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10
Q

What does CRP signify ?

A
  • non-specific indicator for infection

- indicates inflammatory disease; such as, sepsis, PID, IBS, some forms of arthritis

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11
Q

What does procalcitonin signify ?

A
  • detect or rule bacterial sepsis
  • low levels indicate low risk of sepsis
  • high levels indicate high probability
  • monitors in inc. or dec. in CRP and PCT to determin response to therapy or pregression of inflmn.
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12
Q

What is meant by culture?

A

propagation of microorganisms in a growth medium

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13
Q

what is meant by sensitivity?

A
  • a sensitivity analysis is a test that determines a sensitivity of a bacteria to an antibiotic, and evaluate for resistance to antibiotics
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14
Q

Hyponatremia:

A
  • weakness, confusion, ataxia, stupor and coma
    causes: diarrhea, vomiting, NG tube O/P, diuretics
  • give sodium
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15
Q

Hypernatremia:

A
  • thirst, agitation, mania, convulsions, dry mucous membranes
    causes: inc. sodium intake IV/PO, excessive free body h20 loss, cushing syndrome
  • give free water
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16
Q

Hypokalemia:

A

Decrease in contractility of smooth muscle, skeltal and cardiac muscles - weakness, paralysis, flat T waves

Causes – GI losses/disorders, diarrhea, vomiting, diuretics, burns

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17
Q

Hyperkalemia:

A

Irritability, N/V , diarrhea, intestinal colic

Causes –Excessive dietary intake, ARF/CRF, infection

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18
Q

How do you know if something is localized or systemic?

A

vital signs

systemic: dec. BP, inc. HR, fever, malaise

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19
Q

What medication can be administered for inflmn?

A

Anti-inflammatories:

  • NSAIDs
  • IBU
  • ASA

Antipyretics:

  • acetaminophen
  • ASA
  • IBU
20
Q

What medication can be administered for infection?

A

Antimicrobials:
Antiviral agents
Antibacterial agents
Antiprotozoal agents

21
Q

What are the common side effects of antibiotic therapy?

A
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • nephrotoxicity
  • hepatic toxicity
  • yeast infection
22
Q

What populations are at increased risk for developing infection?

A

· Immunocompromised people – WBC count may not rise due to infection, temperature may not rise as high.
· Diabetic people – higher sugar = more prone to infection.
· People who take steroids – steroids decrease immune response (WBC and temp not as high)

23
Q

Why is tylenol most common?

A

least side effects

24
Q

What are the potential side-effects of tylenol?

A

liver damage

25
Q

Why use IBU instead of tylenol?

A

Ibuprofen decreases inflammation – anti-inflammatory

26
Q

What are the potential side effects of IBU, Advil, Motrin?

A
  • Kidney damage

- risk of bleeding

27
Q

Why is ASA (aspirin) not a good medication to treat fever?

A

side effects increases the risk of Reye Syndrome - swelling of liver, brain. especially for children

28
Q

What are the risk factors for arthritis?

A
  • sex
  • age
  • family hx
  • smoking
  • environmental factors
  • obesity
29
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of arthritis?

A
  • pain
  • joint swelling
  • limited movement
  • stiffness
  • weakness
  • fatigue
30
Q

What are the risk factors for UTI?

A

o Inability to empty the bladder completely
o Obstructed urinary flow
o Decreased natural host defenses
o Catheterization or cystoscopy
o Inflammation or abrasion of the urethral mucosa
o Diabetes (R/T increase urinary glucose)

31
Q

What are signs and symptoms of UTI?

A 
o   About 50% of patients have no symptoms
o   Pain and burning during urination
o   Frequency
o   Urgency
o   Nocturia
o   Incontinence
o   Suprapubic or pelvic pain
o   Hematuria or back pain
o   Fever
o   Older adult: Fatigue and cognitive changes
32
Q

What are the pharmacological therapies used in the managment of a UTI?

A

Pharmacological therapy:
o Treat the infection (administer antibiotics as prescribed)
o Pain management… how? Antipyretic?
§ Anti-spasmodic agents, analgesics, heat to perineum

33
Q

What are the non-pharmacological therapies used in the management of a UTI?

A

o Increased fluids PO and/or IV, frequent urination (helps to flush bacteria from urinary tract)
o Avoid irritants (coffee, tea, spices, cola, alcohol)
o Good hygiene, remove/replace foley – BID pericare
o Promote patient knowledge
o Monitor and manage potential complications

34
Q

What are the risk factors for C-diff?

A 
***  Antibiotic therapy ***
o   Surgery of the GI tract
o   Diseases of the colon such as inflammatory bowel disease or colorectal cancer
o   A weakened immune system
o   Use of chemotherapy drug
35
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of C-diff?

A 
o   Watery diarrhea, up to 15 times each day (dehydration, skin breakdown, electrolyte imbalance)
o   Severe abdominal pain
o   Loss of appetite
o   Fever
o   Blood or pus in the stool
o   Weight loss
36
Q

What are the pharmacological therapies used in the management of C-diff?

A

o Antibiotic: Vancomycin, metronidazole by P/O
o Fecal transplants
o Probiotics, anti

37
Q

What are the non-pharmacological therapies used in the management of C-diff?

A

o Fluids PO and/or IV
o Isolation precautions
o Maintain nutrition
o Promote patient knowledge (percautions)
o Monitor and manage potential complications (dehydration, nutrition, skin breakdown)

38
Q

What are the risk factors of pneumonia?

A

o Conditions that produce mucus or obstruct/interfere with normal drainage
o Smoking
o Prolonged immobility with shallow breathings
o Depressed cough reflex
o Advanced age (depressed cough reflex, glottic reflexes, and nutritional depletion)

39
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of pneumonia?

A 
o   Vary with the type of pneumonia
o   Fever (shaking and chills)
o   Chest pain
o   Tachypnea
o   Tachycardia
o   Sputum (green, yellow, other)
o   Orthopnea
o   Manny more
40
Q

What are the non-pharmacological therapies used in the management of pneumonia?

A

o Admin of appropriate antibiotics (vancomycin, cefazolin) and antipyretic as needed

41
Q

What are the pharmacological therapies used in the management of penumonia?

A

o Improving airway patency – removing secretions
o Rest and conserve energy balance with mobilization
o Deep breathing and coughing
o Promote fluid intake
o Maintain nutrition
o Promote patient knowledge
o Monitor and manage potential complications

42
Q

What happens to BP when systemic infection occurs?

A

BP dec. HR inc.

43
Q

What are the pharmacological therapy for management of arthritis?

A

Manage symptoms, reduce inflammation, modify the disease.

44
Q

What are the non-pharmacological therapy for management of arthritis?

A

Maintain and improve functional status, increase patient’s knowledge of disease process, promote self-management by patient compliance with the therapeutic regimen.

45
Q

What diagnostics would you order for someone with C-diff?

A
  • CNS of stool
  • electrolytes
  • WBC count
  • Neutrophils
46
Q

Dehiss?

A

wound comes apart

47
Q

special considerations for arterial ulcer

A

Arterial to be higher than the heart and no compression

N232 (15 decks)

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