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N232 > Module 2: Inflm and infection > Flashcards

Module 2: Inflm and infection Flashcards

1
Q

What diagnostics should you check for inflmn?

A
  • WBC count
  • differential
  • CRP
  • rheumatoid factor
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2
Q

What diagnostics should you check for infection?

A
  • WBC count
  • Differential
  • CRP
  • Procalcitonin
  • Id of organism
  • Gram stain
  • Culture and sensitivity
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3
Q

what do WBC’s signify?

A

activation of the inflammatory response and possible infection

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4
Q

What do neutophils signify and what is the normal range?

A
  • bacterial and pyrogenic infection

- 2-6

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5
Q

What do eosinophils signify ?

A
  • allergis dosorders and parasitic infection
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6
Q

What do basophils signify ?

A

parasitic inflmn, some allergic diorders

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7
Q

What do lymphocytes signify ?

A
  • viral infection
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8
Q

What do monocyte signify ?

A

chronic infection

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9
Q

What does rheumatoid factor signify ?

A

diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis

<60 negative result

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10
Q

What does CRP signify ?

A
  • non-specific indicator for infection

- indicates inflammatory disease; such as, sepsis, PID, IBS, some forms of arthritis

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11
Q

What does procalcitonin signify ?

A
  • detect or rule bacterial sepsis
  • low levels indicate low risk of sepsis
  • high levels indicate high probability
  • monitors in inc. or dec. in CRP and PCT to determin response to therapy or pregression of inflmn.
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12
Q

What is meant by culture?

A

propagation of microorganisms in a growth medium

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13
Q

what is meant by sensitivity?

A
  • a sensitivity analysis is a test that determines a sensitivity of a bacteria to an antibiotic, and evaluate for resistance to antibiotics
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14
Q

Hyponatremia:

A
  • weakness, confusion, ataxia, stupor and coma
    causes: diarrhea, vomiting, NG tube O/P, diuretics
  • give sodium
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15
Q

Hypernatremia:

A
  • thirst, agitation, mania, convulsions, dry mucous membranes
    causes: inc. sodium intake IV/PO, excessive free body h20 loss, cushing syndrome
  • give free water
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16
Q

Hypokalemia:

A

Decrease in contractility of smooth muscle, skeltal and cardiac muscles - weakness, paralysis, flat T waves

Causes – GI losses/disorders, diarrhea, vomiting, diuretics, burns

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17
Q

Hyperkalemia:

A

Irritability, N/V , diarrhea, intestinal colic

Causes –Excessive dietary intake, ARF/CRF, infection

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18
Q

How do you know if something is localized or systemic?

A

vital signs

systemic: dec. BP, inc. HR, fever, malaise

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19
Q

What medication can be administered for inflmn?

A

Anti-inflammatories:

  • NSAIDs
  • IBU
  • ASA

Antipyretics:

  • acetaminophen
  • ASA
  • IBU
20
Q

What medication can be administered for infection?

A

Antimicrobials:
Antiviral agents
Antibacterial agents
Antiprotozoal agents

21
Q

What are the common side effects of antibiotic therapy?

A
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • nephrotoxicity
  • hepatic toxicity
  • yeast infection
22
Q

What populations are at increased risk for developing infection?

A

· Immunocompromised people – WBC count may not rise due to infection, temperature may not rise as high.
· Diabetic people – higher sugar = more prone to infection.
· People who take steroids – steroids decrease immune response (WBC and temp not as high)

23
Q

Why is tylenol most common?

A

least side effects

24
Q

What are the potential side-effects of tylenol?

A

liver damage

25
Why use IBU instead of tylenol?
Ibuprofen decreases inflammation – anti-inflammatory
26
What are the potential side effects of IBU, Advil, Motrin?
- Kidney damage | - risk of bleeding
27
Why is ASA (aspirin) not a good medication to treat fever?
side effects increases the risk of Reye Syndrome - swelling of liver, brain. especially for children
28
What are the risk factors for arthritis?
- sex - age - family hx - smoking - environmental factors - obesity
29
What are the signs and symptoms of arthritis?
- pain - joint swelling - limited movement - stiffness - weakness - fatigue
30
What are the risk factors for UTI?
o Inability to empty the bladder completely o Obstructed urinary flow o Decreased natural host defenses o Catheterization or cystoscopy o Inflammation or abrasion of the urethral mucosa o Diabetes (R/T increase urinary glucose)
31
What are signs and symptoms of UTI?
``` o About 50% of patients have no symptoms o Pain and burning during urination o Frequency o Urgency o Nocturia o Incontinence o Suprapubic or pelvic pain o Hematuria or back pain o Fever o Older adult: Fatigue and cognitive changes ```
32
What are the pharmacological therapies used in the managment of a UTI?
Pharmacological therapy: o Treat the infection (administer antibiotics as prescribed) o Pain management... how? Antipyretic? § Anti-spasmodic agents, analgesics, heat to perineum
33
What are the non-pharmacological therapies used in the management of a UTI?
o Increased fluids PO and/or IV, frequent urination (helps to flush bacteria from urinary tract) o Avoid irritants (coffee, tea, spices, cola, alcohol) o Good hygiene, remove/replace foley – BID pericare o Promote patient knowledge o Monitor and manage potential complications
34
What are the risk factors for C-diff?
``` *** Antibiotic therapy *** o Surgery of the GI tract o Diseases of the colon such as inflammatory bowel disease or colorectal cancer o A weakened immune system o Use of chemotherapy drug ```
35
what are the signs and symptoms of C-diff?
``` o Watery diarrhea, up to 15 times each day (dehydration, skin breakdown, electrolyte imbalance) o Severe abdominal pain o Loss of appetite o Fever o Blood or pus in the stool o Weight loss ```
36
What are the pharmacological therapies used in the management of C-diff?
o Antibiotic: Vancomycin, metronidazole by P/O o Fecal transplants o Probiotics, anti
37
What are the non-pharmacological therapies used in the management of C-diff?
o Fluids PO and/or IV o Isolation precautions o Maintain nutrition o Promote patient knowledge (percautions) o Monitor and manage potential complications (dehydration, nutrition, skin breakdown)
38
What are the risk factors of pneumonia?
o Conditions that produce mucus or obstruct/interfere with normal drainage o Smoking o Prolonged immobility with shallow breathings o Depressed cough reflex o Advanced age (depressed cough reflex, glottic reflexes, and nutritional depletion)
39
What are the signs and symptoms of pneumonia?
``` o Vary with the type of pneumonia o Fever (shaking and chills) o Chest pain o Tachypnea o Tachycardia o Sputum (green, yellow, other) o Orthopnea o Manny more ```
40
What are the non-pharmacological therapies used in the management of pneumonia?
o Admin of appropriate antibiotics (vancomycin, cefazolin) and antipyretic as needed
41
What are the pharmacological therapies used in the management of penumonia?
o Improving airway patency – removing secretions o Rest and conserve energy balance with mobilization o Deep breathing and coughing o Promote fluid intake o Maintain nutrition o Promote patient knowledge o Monitor and manage potential complications
42
What happens to BP when systemic infection occurs?
BP dec. HR inc.
43
What are the pharmacological therapy for management of arthritis?
Manage symptoms, reduce inflammation, modify the disease.
44
What are the non-pharmacological therapy for management of arthritis?
Maintain and improve functional status, increase patient’s knowledge of disease process, promote self-management by patient compliance with the therapeutic regimen.
45
What diagnostics would you order for someone with C-diff?
- CNS of stool - electrolytes - WBC count - Neutrophils
46
Dehiss?
wound comes apart
47
special considerations for arterial ulcer
Arterial to be higher than the heart and no compression

N232 (15 decks)

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