CAD Flashcards
MI symptoms:
- Neuro: Dizziness, restlessness, lightheaded, anxiety, pain
- CV: Chest pain, increased jugular vein distension (JVD) if in heart failure (HF), increased heart rate, decreased heart rate, or irregular heart rate
- Resp: SOB, dyspnea, crackles (in HF)
- GI: Nausea, vomiting, burping, heartburn
- Integ: Cool, clammy, diaphoretic
medically modifiable risk factors:
o Hypertension
o Hyperlipidemia
o Diabetes mellitus
CAD diagnostics:
- Troponin
- Myoglobin
- ECG
- Angiogram
- Echocardiogram
- Ejection fraction
- Lipid profile
ECG:
• Measures the electrical activity of the heart, not the
mechanical
• Looks at the rhythm of the heart
• Can give the information of the areas of the heart that
are damaged
• Used to help diagnose acute coronary syndrome
(ACS)
Left anterior descending artery supplies…
right ventricle, left ventricle and interventricular septum
Left marginal artery supplies…
left ventricle
Right coronary artery supplies…
right atrium and right ventricle
Right marginal artery supplies…
right ventricle and apex
Coronary angiogram:
• Allows x-ray visualization of the coronary arteries following the injection of contrast medium (dye).
To see if there is there a blockage in one or more artery
echocardiogram:
- Sound waves create an image of the heart in motion to
- Evaluate heart wall motion
- Ventricular function
- Identify valve disease
- Evaluate the heart under stress
- Identify and quantify pericardial fluid
- Ejection fraction: Amount of blood that will be pumped out of the heart as it contracts.
What is ejection fraction:
end diastolic volume divided by end systolic volume = %
o 55-70% ejection fraction is normal.
o When ejection fraction is low, the ability to perfuse the heart and rest of the body is impeded.
Lipid profile - Total cholesterol:
Total cholesterol: This test measures all of the cholesterol in all the lipoprotein particles.
Lipid profile - High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C):
Measures the cholesterol in HDL particles; often called “good cholesterol” because it removes excess cholesterol and carries it to the liver for removal.
Lipid profile - low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C):
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C): Calculates the cholesterol in LDL particles; often called “bad cholesterol” because it deposits excess cholesterol in the walls of blood vessels, which can contribute to atherosclerosis. Usually, the amount of LDL-C is calculated using the results of total cholesterol, HDL-C, and triglycerides.
What does the amount of damage depend on?
- The degree and duration of obstruction
- Collateral circulation
- The atherosclerotic process itself reduces blood supply -> progressively reducing blood to the myocardium.
- The development of a clot around a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque causes a sudden occlusion -> acutely reducing myocardial oxygen supply (thrombus)
- Coronary artery blood flow must be reduced by at least 75% before symptoms appear.
