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Bio 2101 > Module 2 Exam > Flashcards

Module 2 Exam Flashcards

Ch.5 Histology, Ch. 6 Integumentary System, Ch. 7 Bones & Skeletal System

1
Q

epidermis

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. made of areolar and dense irregular connective tissue. collagen. avascular.

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2
Q

fxn of epidermis

A

skin pigment and hair. resistance to trauma and infection, prevents water loss, vitamin D synthesis!, sensation, thermoregulation

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3
Q

strata of epidermis

A

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

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4
Q

stratum corneum

A

most superficial. 30 layers of dead, keratinized cells. continuously exfoliating. keratin and lipids prevent water loss.

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5
Q

stratum lucidum

A

translucent dead cells. keratin makes skin thick in finger tips, palms of feet, and palms of hands

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6
Q

stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of flat keratinocytes. Apoptosis. transition between dead and living cells. binds cytoskeleton keratin filaments together. keratohyalin granules are dark-staining, black

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7
Q

stratum spinosum

A

apical surface, living cells. strength and flexibility in skin. NO cell division. prevents damage from UV light bc melanin from melanocytes here. keratinocytes attached via desmosomes = water retention in skin

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8
Q

stratum basale

A

single layer of living cells. direct contact to basement membrane and go through mitosis. replenish exfoliated skin cells. entire process ~1 month

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9
Q

dermis

A

deep to epidermis. contains hair follicles, glands, nerves, blood vessel, and lymph vessels. formed from fibrous connective tissue. areolar and dense irregular

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10
Q

regions of dermis

A

papillary region and reticular region

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11
Q

papillary layer

A

top 20% of dermis. nourishes epidermis, remove waste, regulate body temp. made of areolar CT

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12
Q

fxn of papillary region

A

mobility of leukocytes, and defense against organisms introduced through breaks in dermis

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13
Q

dermal papillae

A

boundary between epidermis and dermis. fingerlike extensions of the dermis. areolar tissue

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14
Q

reticular layer

A

deeper 80% of dermis. dense irregular connective tissue. makes skin tightly bound, withstands stress. contains lots of collagen and elastic fivers. packed with sweat and gland ducts, fat, hair follicles (root)

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15
Q

hypodermis

A

subcutaneous layer. not technically part of the integumentary system. primarily adipose tisse, CT, and blood vessels. fxn to store fat for energy

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16
Q

eccrine sweat gland

A

evaporative cooling through sweat. secrete product, sweat, and part of cell. abundant on palms, soles, and forehead

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17
Q

arrector pili muscle

A

where hair roots are attached. smooth muscle in dermis. makes hair stand up on end - goosebumps. contracts with cold or fear

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18
Q

sebaceous gland

A

oil glands around hair follicles. produce sebum

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19
Q

hair follicle

A

surrounds root. epidermal pit that contains a hair and extends into dermis or hypodermis

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20
Q

hair root

A

below the surface

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21
Q

hair shaft

A

is visible above the skin

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22
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covering, lining, and formation of glands

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23
Q

connective tissue

A

protects and supports, binds tissues, stores energy, and provides immunity

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24
Q

muscle tissue

A

movement and generation of force

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25
Q

nervous tissue

A

communication and control

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26
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

single layer of flat cells. very thin. controls diffusion, osmosis, and filtration

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27
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

avascular. several flat layers of keratinized/nonkeratinized surface cells. mitosis occurs in basal layers

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28
Q

exocrine glands

A

merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

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29
Q

merocrine glands (epocrine)

A

form secretory products and secrete them

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30
Q

apocrine glands

A

portion of cell is secreted as well

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31
Q

holocrine glands

A

whole cells are discharged

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32
Q

connective tissue ECM components

A

collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers

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33
Q

collagen fibers

A

tough and resistant to stretching

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34
Q

elastic fibers

A

provide strength and stretching

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35
Q

reticular fibers

A

composed of collagen and glycoproteins. supporting network

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36
Q

connective tissue proper

A

any of 3 fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular), ground substance = mainly proteoglycans and water, cells = fibroblasts, adipocytes, WBC’s

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37
Q

cartilage

A

any of 3 fibers. ground substance = chondroitin sulfate, cells = chondroblasts/chondrocytes

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38
Q

bone tissue

A

collagen fibers. ground substance = hydroxyapatite, cells = osteoblasts/osteocytes

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39
Q

liquid blood and lymph

A

no fibers. ground substance = mainly water, cells = RBCs and WBCs

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40
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

reduces friction at joints, provides structure: nose, trachea and bronchi, ribs. basis for later bony skeleton

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41
Q

compact bone: osteon

A

lamella, lacunae containing osteocytes, canaliculi, and central (haversian) canal

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42
Q

lamella

A

rings of mineralized matrix

43
Q

lacunae contain

A

osteocytes

44
Q

canaliculi

A

minute canals containing processes of osteocytes that provide routes for nutrient and waste transport

45
Q

central (haversian) canal

A

contains blood vessels and nerves

46
Q

somatic nervous system

47
Q

autonomic nervous system

48
Q

ENS

A

to CNS or to enteric motor neurons. involuntary

49
Q

central nervous system

A

to somatic neurons (voluntary) or autonomic motor neurons (involuntary with sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions)

50
Q

from somatic motor neurons (voluntary) to

A

skeletal muscle

51
Q

from autonomic motor neurons (involuntary) to

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

52
Q

from enteric motor neurons (involuntary) to

A

smooth muscle, glands, and endocrine cells of GI tract

53
Q

neuroglial cells

A

nucleus with nucleolus, cell body, axons or dendrites

54
Q

parts of the neuron

A

dendrites. soma, axon terminal, nerve impulse, synapse

55
Q

dendrites

A

receive incoming information

56
Q

soma

A

the cell body that contains the nucleus

57
Q

axon

A

conducts electrical nerve impulse

58
Q

axon terminal

A

releases neruotransmitters

59
Q

nerve impulse

A

electrical signal created by moving sodium and potassium ions

60
Q

synapse

A

space between the presynaptic neuron (first neuron) and the postsynaptic neuron (second neuron)

61
Q

muscle fibers or myofibers

A

long, cylindrical, and multinucleated

62
Q

sarcomere

A

skeletal and cardiac muscle. 1 contractile unit

63
Q

myofibrils

A

muscle fibers. long, cylindrical, multinucleated

64
Q

motor unit

A

one somatic motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells (fibers) it stimulates (10-2000 cells). one nerve cell = avg. 150 mm. cells that all contract in UNISON. total strength of contraction depends on how many motor units are activated and how large they are

65
Q

tight junctions

A

water tight seal. line GI and bladder

66
Q

adherens junction

A

holds epithelial cells together. made of plaque (dense layer of proteins). attached by glycoproteins (zipper)

67
Q

gap junctions

A

crossed by connexons forming fluid tunnels. cell communication with ions. share nutrients and move waste. cardiac muscle cells and chemical signals

68
Q

desmosomes

A

common in epithelium. attached to keratin. prevents water loss. simple and stratified epithelia

69
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

connect cells to ECMaterial. basement membrane

70
Q

atrophy

A

shrinkage through loss in cell size or number. senile atrophy or disuse atrophy

71
Q

hypertrophy

A

enlargement of preexisting cells. working out a lot

72
Q

hyperplasia

A

tissue growth through cell multiplication

73
Q

metaplasia

A

reversible sometimes from injury. change from one type of mature tissue to another

74
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal or immature development of cells. not usually reversible. persistent and severe injury or irritation

75
Q

apoptosis

A

pre-programmed single cell death. normal. cells shrink over time. macrophage

76
Q

necrosis

A

group of cells or entire tissue. tissue death due to trauma, toxins, infection. cells can swell/lysis

77
Q

4 principle cells of epidermis

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells

78
Q

keratinocytes

A

keratin producing cells for protecction

79
Q

melanocytes

A

melanin producing cells that absorb damaging UV light and skin color. only in stratum basale.

80
Q

keratinocytes _____ melanosomes

A

phagocytize

81
Q

langerhans cells

A

quick and rapid immune response. stratum spinosum and granulosum.

82
Q

merkel cells

A

light touch receptor in epidermis. contact merkel disc for sensation.

83
Q

1st degree burn

84
Q

2nd degree burn

A

epidermis and dermis

85
Q

3rd degree burn

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, and sometimes deeper.

86
Q

skeletal system

A

composed of bones, cartilages and ligaments

87
Q

bone (osseous tissue)

A

CT with the matrix. hardened by calcium phosphate and minerals

88
Q

cartilage

A

covers end of bones. many joint surfaces of mature bone

89
Q

ligaments

A

hold bones together at joints

90
Q

tendons

A

attach muscle to bone

91
Q

compact bone (dense or cortical)

A

dense outer shell of bone

92
Q

spongy (cancellous bone)

A

loosely organized bone tissue. found in center of ends and shafts of long bones and middle of nearly all others. covered by compact bone

93
Q

skeleton composition

A

3/4 compact and 1/4 spongy by weight

94
Q

cells of bone

A

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

95
Q

osteoprogenitor cells

A

undifferentiated cells. divide to replace themselves and become osteoblasts. inner layer of periosteum and endosteum.

96
Q

osteoblasts

A

form matrix and collagen fibers but cant divide

97
Q

osteocytes

A

mature cells that no longer secrete matrix

98
Q

osteoclasts

A

huge cells from fused monocytes (WBCs). bone resorption at surfaces like endosteum

99
Q

matrix of osseous tissue

A

1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic matter

100
Q

organic matter

A

synthesized by osteoblasts. collagen, carb protein complexes, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

101
Q

inorganic matter

A

85% hydroxyapatite (crystallized phosphate salt), 10% calcium carbonate, other minerals

102
Q

endochondral bone ossification

A

formation of bone collar around hyaline cartilage model, cavitation of hyaline cartilage within cartilage model, invasion of internal cavities by spongy bone formation, formation of medullary cavity and ossification centers, ossification of epiphyses hyaline cartilage remains in epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages

103
Q

calcium homeostasis

A

balance between dietary intake, urinary and fecal losses, and exchange between osseous tissue. regulated by calcitriol, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone

104
Q

healing of fractures

A

hematoma -> soft callus -> hard callus ->bone remodeling (compact bone)

Bio 2101 (3 decks)

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