Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards
the ectoderm gives rise to…
epidermis and nervous system
mesoderm gives rise to…
mesenchyme
endoderm gives rise to…
mucus membranes of digestive tracts and glands. respiratory tracts
where in body can simple cuboidal epithelium be found?
kidney tubules, duct glands
where in body can simple columnar epithelium be found?
GI, respiratory tract
where in body can simple squamous epithelium be found?
alveoli
where in body can stratified cuboidal be found?
ducts of exocrine glands
examples of exocrine glands
salivary, sweat, mammary
where in body can stratified columnar epithelium be found?
pharynx, larynx, anal canal, male urethra
where in body can stratified squamous epithelium be found?
epidermis
where in body can pseudostratified columnar epithelium be found?
respiratory system, male urethra
squamous
thin, flat, scaly
squamous epithelium is ideal for
diffusion, protection
cuboidal epithelium is ideal for
secretion and absorption
columnar epithelium is ideal for
absorption and secretion
connective tissue is made of
areolar (Loose) CT, regular/irregular CT, adipose, cartilage
connective tissue matrix is secreted by…
the cells
cells of connective tissue
fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes
function of proteoglycans in connective tissue matrix
slow the spread of pathogens
how do GAGs contribute to the CT matrix
give membrane polarity
internal callus
temporary tissue forms inside bone during healing AFTER FRACTURE
external callus
bone collar
granulation tissue
new tissue that forms in process of wound healing
osteons and hydroxyapatite give (some/no) stretch and work to…
no, distribute compressive forces throughout spongy bone
what nutrients reinforce areas of stress in bone?
calcium and phosphate
more stress increases osteo___ activity
osteoblast
what parts of the skeleton are most vulnerable to breaks/osteoporosis
wrists, hips, vertebra (spine)
what are the 10 types of connective tissue?
loose CT, reticular CT, dense regular CT, dense irregular CT, blood, adipose tissue, hyaline cartilage, bone, fibrocartilage, fibrous CT
where can gap junctions be found?
cardiac muscle
where can tight junctions be found?
bladder and GI tract
what type of epithelia are glands formed by?
simple squamous
hyperplasia
cell proliferation
metaplasia
change from one type of mature tissue to another. can be reversible
dysplasia
abnormal or immature development of cells. not usually reversible
embryonic stem cells are
pluripotent
pluripotent
stem cells that have unlimited potential for differentiation
adult stem cells are
multipotent
multipotent
cells can differentiate into cell types specific to the tissue they are found in
modes of tissue growth
cell proliferation or cell enlargement
function of nails
to protect thing fingertips and toes
what are nails made up of
keratin
components of a nail
free edge, lunula, cuticle, hyponychium, nail groove, nail bed, matrix, nail plate
how do apocrine swear glands go about excretion?
exocytosis
what is the appearance of merocrine glands in the epidermis or dermis?
coiled
what is the function of sebum (from sebaceous glands)
prevent dry skin and bacterial growth
most common skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma metastasizes…
rarely
squamous cell carcinomas…
may metastasize
melanomas…
metastasize rapidly most common type of skin cancer in young women
ceruminous glands are
modified sweat glands in the ear that produce earwax
where does squamous cell carcinoma arise from
keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
where do melanomas arise from
melanocytes
bone is hardened by
calcium phosphate
flat bones are made up…
like a sandwich. spongy bone sandwiched between 2 thin layers of compact bone
osseous tissue is made up of
collagen fibers and calcium phosphate
constituents of bone tissue
85% organic matter 10% inorganic
organic matter
collagen, osteoblasts, osteocytes
inorganic component of osseous tissue
blood vessels, nerves, and vitamins
red bone marrow
in almost every bone in children. produce blood= hematopoietic tissue. as you age into an adult, turns into yellow bone marrow. metabolically active
yellow bone marrow
adults. fatty. does not produce blood
intramembranous ossification
growth from center out. 1: ossification center arising from mesenchymal cells. convert to osteoblasts 2: matrix surrounds cell and calcifies as osteoblast becomes osteocyte 3: forming trabeculae 4: development into periosteum
endochondral bone formation
formation of bone from hyaline cartilage models. more common. 1: formation of hyaline cartilage model 2: bone collar cuts off blood to center; hyaline deteriorates 3: replace bone collar with calcified tissue for hydroxyapatite and collagen 4: invasion of internal cavities by vasculature allowing spongy bone formation 5: epiphysis ossification. 6: only hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages
calcitriol
raise Ca+ blood levels by the small intestine in GI tract
calcitonin
lowers Ca+ blood levels via thyroid (like PTH)
stress fractures
breaks caused by abnormal trauma to a bone. many tiny fractures
pathological fractures
breaks in bones due to them being weakened by disease
healing of a fracture
hematoma formation, soft callus formation (bc not ossified), hard callus formation (bc ossified), bone remodeling (new bone collar, may cause bump in original fracture site)
elastic fibers
thinner than collagen fibers, branch and rejoin
brown fat
increases body temp. prevalent in infants to prevent hypothermia
white fat
more abundant. cells look wirey and empty. secretes hormones to support energy metabolism
holocrine glands
whole cell excreted. ex: oil
neuroglia
helper cells. provide nutrients, control rate of signals, etc.
dermal papillae
boundary between epidermis and dermis. fingerlike extensions
matrix of osseous tissue dry weight
1/3 organic, 2/3 inorganic
bone grows in length at the
epiphyseal plate
epiphyseal plate
growth zone of bone. when finished, epiphyseal line
when does growth in epiphyseal length stop
25 y/o
