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Nutrition > Module 2 Exam > Flashcards

Module 2 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

How much of our water intake is expected to come from fluids?

A

80%

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2
Q

How much of our water intake is expected to come from foods?

A

20%

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3
Q

How much of plasma is comprised of water?

A

91.5%

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4
Q

How much of body water is intracellular in infants?

A

46%

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5
Q

What is water a solvent for?

A

minerals, vitamins, glucose, and other small molecules

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6
Q

What does water do?

A

give body shape and form
maintain blood volume and blood pressure
regulate body temp by absorbing heat produced by fever and metabolic processes
form the structure of large molecules
transports nutrients to and waste away from cells

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7
Q

What is the ultimate destination of nutrients in the body?

A

cells

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8
Q

What is sensible water loss?

A

loss through the skin as perspiration

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9
Q

What is insensible water loss?

A

breathing, vomiting, etc

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10
Q

How much of water is lost daily via insensible water loss?

A

800 to 1000 mL

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11
Q

What is the main means of dissipating the body’s heat produced by exercise?

A

evaporation

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12
Q

In extreme cases, at what rate may a person perspire?

A

2 L per hour

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13
Q

What environmental conditions increase the amount of water lost?

A

high temps, high altitudes, and low humidity

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14
Q

How much water does obligatory excretion eliminate?

A

400 to 600 mL per day

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15
Q

What happens if gastric juices are lost?

A

hydrogen ions in the hydrochloric acid are lost, putting the person at risk for alkalosis

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16
Q

What does rapid breathing caused by anxiety trigger?

A

paresthesia, peripheral tetany (stiffness of fingers or arms), fainting

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17
Q

Why does tetany occur?

A

because respiratory alkalosis causes both hypophosphatemia and hypocalcemia

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18
Q

What does first aid recommend for hyperventilation from anxiety?

A

breathing through one nostril with the mouth closed

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19
Q

What can breathing into a paper bag cause?

A

hypoxia

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20
Q

What ions provide the most movement across cell membranes to maintain osmotic pressure and fluid balance?

A

sodium, phosphate, and chloride

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21
Q

What can abnormal levels of potassium produce?

A

cardiac arrest

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22
Q

What does blood pressure depend on?

A

volume of blood, nutrients, and water pushed out through capillaries into interstitial fluid by hydrostatic pressure supplied by the heart

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23
Q

What does magnesium regulate?

A

nerve stimulation and normal muscle action

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24
Q

What is bicarbonate?

A

an important extracellular fluid buffer

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25
What constricts arteries to increase blood pressure?
ADH
26
What does aldosterone cause?
sodium ions to be returned to the bloodstream by the kidneys rather than to be spilled into urine, and water follows it
27
What is the most influential extracellular ion?
sodium
28
What happens during diabetes insipidus?
the hypothalamus does not secrete ADH or the kidneys do not respond appropriately
29
What do special sensors in the hypothalamus monitor?
osmotic pressure as the blood circulates in the brain
30
When the hypothalamus detects an increase in osmotic pressure, what happens?
the gland triggers a desire to drink
31
What does the liver break down?
dietary fats
32
What are the two types of digestion?
mechanical and chemical
33
What is peristalsis?
a ONE WAY wavelike movement that propels food through the entire length of the alimentary canal
34
How is the hydrolysis achieved mostly through?
the action of digestive enzymes present in saliva
35
What enters the small intestine and assists in digestion?
bicarbonate
36
The end products of digestion move from the GI tract into the blood or lymphatic system in a process called what?
absorption; primarily in the small intestine
37
After absorption, where are the nutrients usually transported?
liver
38
What determines the final use of individual nutrients as well as meds?
metabolism
39
What pts commonly have lactose intolerance and why?
celiac disease bc the mucosa of the small intestine is damaged, there is a resulting decrease in lactose, an intestinal enzyme that helps digest lactose from milk
40
What is an immune response to gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley?
celiac disease
41
Does rice have gluten?
no
42
What does treatment of steatorrhea typically involve?
meds and decreasing dietary fat
43
What does malabsorption lead to?
malnutrition, which prevents cell reproduction
44
What does bile do?
break down dietary fats
45
What are the end products of carbs digested into?
monosaccharides
46
What are the end products of fats digested into?
molecules of glycerol, fatty acids, and monoglycerides
47
What are the end products of protein digested into?
small peptides and amino acids
48
How much extra does a pregnant woman in the second trimester need?
340 kcals per day
49
How much folic acid should a pregnant woman take per day?
4 mg
50
What does taking folic acid during pregnancy prevent?
neural tube defects
51
What are 3 neural tube defects?
spina bifida anencephaly meningoencephalocele
52
What is concentrated and stored in the fetal liver during pregnancy and provides the infant with stores to sustain them for the first several months of life?
vitamin B12
53
What is associated with twice the risk of maternal death?
moderate iron deficiency anemia
54
What is decreased when taking antacids?
iron absorption, contraindicated for pts with low iron
55
What aids in the absorption of iron?
vitamin C supplements, fiber, OJ, stool softener
56
What is the amt of protein suggested for non-pregnant women?
46 grams
57
How much protein does a woman in the second half of pregnancy need?
71 grams (25 more)
58
Foods high in iron
animal food products, beef green leafy vegetables eggs
59
An infants birth weight should ____ by 4 to 6 months of age.
double
60
An infants birth weight should ____ by 1 year.
triple
61
What are adolescent diets lacking?
calcium and iron
62
The routine admin of _________ to all infants is mandatory. Infants are at a higher risk of hemorrhagic disease due to lack of ________ transfer across the placenta and low levels of breast milk.
vitamin K
63
Childhood iron deficiency anemia is associated with _________ and _______ delays.
behavioral, cognitive
64
A 3 year old may need ____ to _____ kilocalories per day.
1300, 1500
65
Serving sizes for 4 to 6 year old children are the same as those recommended for _____.
adults
66
Benefits of breastfeeding
decreased rates of SID and decreased rates of eczema and helps with immune system
67
Older adults need about _% fewer kcals per decade after age 40.
5
68
_______ contributes to bone metabolism and is protective against age-related bone loss.
vitamin K
69
The ______ ________, with an amendment to the Older Americans Act, established meal programs for senior citizens.
federal government
70
The ________ ________ _____ ______ ________ offers low-income seniors coupons to exchange for fresh produce at farmer's markets and roadside stands.
senior farmer's market nutrition program (SFMNP)
71
Older people should derive ______-______ of their kcals from carbs.
45-65%
72
Older people should derive ___-___ of their kcals from protein.
10-35%
73
The RDA for carbs for younger and older adults is ___ grams per day.
130
74
S/S for gastroparesis
bloating, indigestion, feel like vomiting, uncomfortable
75
How much extra kcals per day is needed for a pregnant woman in the third trimester?
452

Nutrition (5 decks)

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