Module 1 Exam Flashcards
What is energy in both food and body measured in?
kilocalories (kcals)
What is a bomb calorimeter?
insulated container in which food is burned, measures the energy content
interaction between one’s diet and genes, can influence digestion, absorption, and elimination, and sites of action
Nutrigenomics
process that regulates how and when genes are turned on and off
Epigenetics
detects gene variants within individual to identify nutritional factors that trigger dysfunction or disease
Nutrigenetics
Do dietary preferences vary?
Yes and need to be assessed; pt needs to identify their preferences
What does new genetic knowledge offer?
potential to personalize nutrition prescriptions to avoid interactions between one’s diet and their genes, which can adversely affect the body’s use of nutrients
ex: pt with IBS may do better with different foods and nutrients
What are the recommended dietary fats that most of your fat intake should come from?
polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats
Examples of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats
salmon
avocado
almonds
cashews
peanuts
olives/olive oil
When protein is eaten in excess, what does it contribute to in the body?
fat stores, the same goes for carbs and fats too
process of converting protein to glucose
Gluconeogenesis
Food is often plentiful, and evolutionary survival mechanisms have been proven to be a detriment for many people by evidence of what?
the increased number of obese and overweight people
Why is it hard to lose weight?
energy expenditure decreases during food restriction/starvation; kcals are burned more efficiently which is a process called adaptive thermogenesis
When does homeostasis in terms of energy balance occur?
when the number of kcals eaten = number used to produce energy, resulting in stable body weight and energy balance
How can individuals slow the decline of lean body mass?
by doing more ISOMETRIC exercise, to build muscle tone, strength, and endurance, and bone mass
When is human growth most pronounced?
before birth, infancy, puberty
When are kcals required per kg of body weight at their highest?
during growth spurts bc the kcal cost of anabolism > kcal cost of catabolism
takes more to build than tear down
organic substances needed by body in small amounts for normal metabolism, growth, and maintenance
two types: fat and water soluble
vitamins
Fat soluble vitamins
more stable during processing
more or less of a vitamin may be retained in food, depending on method of processing and storing
Water soluble vitamins
not all retained during food processing
inorganic, become part of body’s composition and essential to good health
Minerals
What do most minerals do in the body?
serve variety of functions in body’s regulatory and metabolic processes without providing energy
not true vitamin, more like hormone
can be obtained through diet and sunlight
Vitamin D
contributes to wound, burn, and fracture healing
serves as antioxidant
enhances absorption of iron
assists in synthesis of hormones and neurotransmitters
Vitamin C
in infants
can be caused by consumption of too much squash and carrots
infant’s skin becomes yellow, including palms and soles unlike jaundice
whites of eyes remain white unlike jaudince
Carotenemia
associated with degenerative diseases, respiratory, and intestinal disorders, cardiovascular disease, and some types of cancer
S/S: dry skin, dry eyes, night blindness
Vitamin A Deficiency
S/S: ataxia, pain in bones and joints, liver failure, dry skin, and poor appetite
Too much vitamin A
most likely to cause toxicity from excess
S/S: loss of appetite, N/V, polyuria, muscular weakness, and constipation
more serious consequences result from calcium deposits in heart, kidneys, and brain
High consumption of vitamin D supplements
GI symptoms, muscle weakness, double vision, and increased bleeding tendencies
Excessive supplemental vitamin E
Hypervitaminosis A can be caused by what?
foods
Do Vitamins K1 and K2 have association with adverse effects?
no but caution is warranted if high doses are taken
