Module 2- Cognitive Disabilites Flashcards by Brittany Gillespie

What is a learning disability

Conditions which affect an individuals ability to learn.

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What is developmental cognitive disabilities?

Life long mental impairment generally showing up by the time the individual is 18

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What is brain injury

Resulting trauma to the skull/brain resulting in physical injury to the structures

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Developmental cognitive disabilities frequently interfere with?

With affected persons ability to learn and communicate

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When are you considered to have a developmental disability?

When daily function are affected by at least 3 of the following:
Self care
Self direction
Language
Expressive language
Mobility
Economic self- sufficiency
Capacity for independent living

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4 types of developmental disabilities

Autism
Fragile X
Down syndrome
FASD

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What is autism characterized by

Impairment of the brain function

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What does it fall under?(autism)

A broader category called Autism spectrum disorder

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What is the cause(autism)

The cause is unknown, thought to be a combo of genetics, environmental and neurological factors

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When do symptoms manifest?(autism)

In the first three years

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Can autism be cured?

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What will a typical individual with autism struggle with?

Communication and social interactions

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What is type of disorder is autism consider

Neurological disorder

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What does neurological mean?

Structure and function of the brain

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What is Down syndrome

It is a chromosomal disorder leading to cognitive and physical malformations

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What are chromosomes

Pair of strands of DNA found in human cells

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How many chromosomes does a “normal” person have? How many for someone with Down syndrome?

23 chromosomes, Down syndrome presents abnormality in pair 21(significant impact on development of affected fetus)

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When is Down syndrome presented? Can it be reversed?

In utero(inside womb). This can not be reversed

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What causes Down syndrome

No behavioural and environmental cause has been determined. Caused by an error in division of cells. Sometimes an older mother is at a greater risk

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What percentage of individuals with downs have heart defects?

50%

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What can Down syndrome lead to?

Abnormalities of immune system and many people are more susceptive to illness relative to general population.

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Best way to deal with individuals with Down syndrome

Use plain language, approach in friendly way and apply calm mannerisms.

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What is FASD

Range of disorders associated with consumption of alcohol during pregnancy

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What can FASD cause

Physical changes and function of the brain

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What does FASD include.

``` Fetal alcohol syndrome Fetal alcohol effects Partial fetal alcohol syndrome Alcohol related neurodevelopment disorder Static encephalopathy Alcohol related birth defects ```

Can you outgrown physical characteristics? (FASD)

Yes

Can the brain damage get better? (FASD)

No it does not diminish over time

What conditions are often present with FAS

Attention deficit Hyperactivity disorder Hypersensitivity to sensory information in environment

What is the best practice for police involved with individuals with FASD

``` Not ask leading questions Ask questions in plain language Do not use idioms or sarcasm Repeat question to ensure understanding Never ask why ```

What type of condition is fragile X

Genetic condition, most common cause of inherited cognitive disability

What are some qualities that people with fragile x have

``` Loving nature Honest Willing to please Shy Negative response to touch ```

Best police interaction with fragile x

Remain calm Gentle with them Plain language Avoid excessive touching

How is learning disabilities explained

Neurological (physical possess of the brain) condition, affects individuals ability to learn

Does learning disabilities affect the individuals intelligence

2 most common learning disabilities

ADHD | dyslexia

What is ADHD

Neurobehavioral (nervous system and behaviour jointly effected) disorder which shows itself lack of attention combined with impulsive/ "hyper" (exaggerated/excited) behaviour

What causes ADHD

Not really known but some research shows it may run in the family

What do scans if a ADHD BRAIN show?

Differences in brain structure and activity

How can ADHD BE TREATED

Meds | Behavioural therapy

What do you need to be considered to have ADHD

Level of in attention and hyperactivity must occur more frequently/more intensity

What is ADHD recognized primarily by

Cognitive features

Best practices to dealing with ADHD

Communicate clearly about what you want them to do Communication simply and precise Always use plain language

What is dyslexia

Refers to a learning disability characterized by difficulties with alphabet, reading and writing

Does dyslexia impact intelligence?

No!

What causes dyslexia

Is the result of brain failing to properly translate visual information into accurate or appropriate language

What causes DYSLEXIA

Believed to be caused by malfunction in part of the brain which deals with language. May be genetically linked, can run in family

What areas can be impacted?

Listening,speech,language,reading,spelling and writing abilities

How can dyslexia manifest itself

Stuttering, slow, confused and/or hesitant speech and language and painful, laboured writing

Best practice when dealing with Dyslexia

Listen carefully to what client is saying and ask for clarification Provide options with respect to requesting written statements from these individuals

What is a brain injury

Cognitive disability that occurs after birth is usually as a result of a brain injury

What can result in a brain injury

Disease, infection,lack of oxygen,trauma to the head

What happens with a brain injury

Anatomy of the brain is physically impacted. Most common form of concussion a

What does a concussion interfere with?

Regular process of the brain

Is a concussion a temporary or permanent condition

Temporary (generally)

What brain functions can be affected

``` Balance Coordination Judgement Memory Reflexes Speech ```

How are concussions caused

Brain being bounced around inside the skull due to a blow or sudden jarring of the head

What can a concussion cause? What does that result in

Tearing of the nerve fibres or broken blood vessels. Resulting in bleeding which leads to increased pressure in the brain

What are the symptoms of a concussion

Amnesia(loss of memory) | Confusion

What is a sub-category of concussion? When does this occur? Result?

Shaken baby syndrome. Occurs when baby is shaken usually in attempt to stop the crying. Resulting in Brian trauma that is permanent in 1/3 of cases

What are the best practices with concussions

Stay calm Ensure medical attention is sought Reassure injured person (May repeat themselves verbally and/or physically)

What percentage of an officers job is human relations

80%