Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Advanced Pathophysiology > Module 2 Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Module 2 Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune response?

A

The collective, coordinated response of the cells and molecules of the immune system to defend against pathogens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Innate or nonspecific immunity

A

The first line of defense against invading organisms. Includes the epithelial layers and the body’s inflammatory response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does the epithelial layer pose as a barrier to invading pathogens?

A
  1. Epithelial cells are tightly packed together leaving little space for invaders to get in.
  2. Keratin - a protective protein
  3. Continuous sheds, ridding of itself of any lingers invaders
  4. Salty, acidic environment
  5. Lysozyme - antibacterial enzyme that is secreted onto the skins surface.
  6. Goblet cells - located at mucosal openings secrete mucus which helps to trap and expel invading organisms.
  7. Compliment system - once bacteria and pathogens are caught in the mucus releases phagocytic cells to take care of them.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What cells are involved in innate immunity?

A
  1. Leukocytes - a general term for WBC
    A. Monocytes
    B. Macrophages
    C. Neutrophils
    D. Eosinophils
    E. Basophils
  2. Dendritic cells
  3. Natural Killer cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Monocytes
1. Size
2. Function
3. Prevalence

A
  1. Largest in size of WBC.
  2. Released from the bone marrow into the bloodstream where they mature into macrophages and dendritic cells to participate in phagocytosis.
  3. Compose 3-7% of total WBC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Macrophages
1. Size
2. Functions

A
  1. Come from monocyte specialization. Large in size. Long life span.
  2. Function - first line defenders against infection. Respond by phagocytizing invading microorganisms. Recognize the host cells vs invading organisms. Process and present antigens in the initiation of the of adaptive immune response.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Dendritic cells
1. Specialized function
2. General function
3. Type of cell and where it is found?

A
  1. Serve as the link between the innate immune response and the adaptive immune response. Capture invading pathogens, break them apart present their genetic information as an APCs, shows the information to a CD4 cell.
  2. Can differentiate into APCs, facilitate communication between cells, and can phagocytize invading cells.
  3. Bone marrow derived leukocytes that reside in lymph tissue.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

APCs

A

Antigen presenting cells. The primer antigen presenting cell is the dendritic cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Neutrophils
1. Function
2. Prevalence

A
  1. Phagocytic cells that migrate throughout the body and act as an early responder to infection.
  2. Most common leukocyte composing 55% of all WBCs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Eosinophils
1. Function
2. Prevalence

A
  1. Phagocytic cells that target antigen-antibody complexes and viruses.
  2. Rare, 1-4% of all WBC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Basophils
1. Function
2. Prevalence

A
  1. Release histamine
  2. Rarest of all leukocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

Have the ability to spontaneously kill target organisms. Rely on PAMPs to known which cells to kill and leave alone. Located in the lymphoid region. Excitatory and inhibitory properties.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cytokines
1. What are they?
2. Main function?
3. Examples?

A
  1. Short-acting, biologically active, soluble proteins.
  2. The main function of cytokines is to facilitate immune system communication. They perform this communication by binding to specific receptors on the cells and activating intracellular processes. Play a role in innate and adaptive immunity.
  3. Interleukins, Interferons, tumor necrosis factor alpha, chemokines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chemokines
1. What are they?
2. Main functions?

A
  1. A subset of cytokines.
  2. Responsible for directing leukocyte migration to where immune responses have been activated.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Colony Stimulating Factors
1. What are they?
2. Function

A
  1. A type of cytokine
  2. Main function is the stimulation of WBC, RBC, and other factors.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How are cytokines made?

A

Cytokines are produced by leukocytes in response to invasion of microorganisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does the innate immune system differentiate between host cells and invading organisms?
What type of cells have this ability?

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) - these receptors recognize shared characteristics of microorganisms. Phagocytic cells (macrophages, DC) have these receptors.
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) - the structures on the pathogens cell membrane that the cells capable of PRR recognize.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The complement system
1. What is the complement system?
2. What does the complement system do?
3. Does it help the innate immune response or the adaptive immune response?

A
  1. The compliment system is a collection of proteins that are abundant in the blood. When activated these proteins have three main functions.
  2. The complement system cripples pathogens, activates immune response, and causes cell lysis.
    The complement system plays a role in both innate and adaptive immunity.
19
Q

C3
1. What is it?
What happens when C3 becomes activated?

A
  1. C3 is complement protein that starts the cascade of events that lead to the complement system working.
  2. When C3 becomes activated, it splits into two parts. C3a and C3b.
20
Q

C3a and C3b

A

C3a - forms with the splitting of the C3 protein upon its activation. Functions as an alarm bell warning the rest of the immune system that there are invaders. Activates immune cells and directs them to the site of infection.

C3b - forms with the splitting of the C3 protein upon its activation. Functions to attach itself to invading pathogens. Slows down or immobilizes pathogens as large amounts of C3b proteins adhere to the invading cells surface.

21
Q

C5

A

A protein of the complement system. When cleaved by C3b splits into two fragments.
C5a - produces vasodilation
C5b - sets up a site for membrane attack

22
Q

Phases of the complement system

A
  1. Activation
  2. Early-step inflammatory response
  3. Late-step membrane attack
23
Q

What happens in the Activation phase of the complement system?

A

No matter the pathway, C3 becomes activated.

24
Q

What happens in the early-step inflammatory response?

A

C3 activation results in its fragmentation into C3a and C3b. C3a acts as an alarm and sets off to attract phagocytic cells to the site of infection. C3b binds to the surface of the invading cell, slowing it down.

25
Q

What happens in the late-step membrane attack?

A

More proteins bind to the bound C3b protein. This results in cleavage of the protein C5 which creates C5a and C5b. C5a draws more phagocytic cells to the area. C5b remains bound to the cell membrane and creates a membrane attack protein that allows the influx of fluids and ions to enter the cell resulting in lysis.

26
Q

The adaptive immunity

A

Once pathogens are able to bypass the innate immune system, the slower and more thorough adaptive system kicks in.
Two main branches:
1. Humoral immunity
2. Cell-mediated immunity

27
Q

Humoral Immunity
1. Major player
2. Primary function

A
  1. B-lymphocytes are the primary player in humoral immunity. B-lymphocytes create antibodies to respond to future invasions of similar pathogens quicker and more aggressively in the future.
  2. The humoral immunity fights extracellular invasions
28
Q

Cell mediated immunity
1. Primary player
2. Primary function

A
  1. T-lymphocytes (t-helper and t-cytotoxic) cells are the primary players.
  2. Cell-mediated immunity primarily works to quell intracellular issues.
29
Q

Antigens Vs Antibodies

A

Antigens - are substances or molecules that are foreign to the body. When introduced into the body they trigger the production of antibodies by the b-lymphocytes.

30
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Primary cells in adaptive immunity. A type of WBC that arise from the bone marrow.

31
Q

CD4 Cells

A
32
Q

B-lymphocytes
1. What is required for activation?
1a. Activation interaction with CD4 cells
2. What do B-lymphocytes do upon activation?

A

Are the major players in the humoral immune system. Hang out in the bone marrow until needed.
1. Activation occurs when the B-lymphocytes have the antigen bind to them.
1a. Once the antigen has been bound, the B cell digests it and presents its material for recognition. T helper cells specific to this information locate the B-lymphocyte and further its activation.
2. B-lymphocytes begin differentiating into effector cells - antibody making machines
or
memory cells - improve immune response to the same disease in the future.

33
Q

T helper cells
1. Activation

A

AKA CD4 cells
1. Interact with the MHC 2 complexes
2. Once activated by APCs these, in turn, activate B-lymphocytes and releases cytokines.

34
Q

CD8 cells

A

AKA T cytotoxic cells
1. Interact with the MHC 1 complexes
2. Result in death of the cells. Kills cells.

35
Q

MHC complexes
1. What cells have them?
2. MHC 1 vs MHC 2

A
  1. MHC complexes are located on every cell.
  2. MHC 1 complexes allow the body to recognize and neutralize cells that are cancerous or infected. CD8 cytotoxic cells interact with these receptors.
  3. MHC 2 complexes Interact with CD4 cells. Allows APCs to present genetic material of invading organisms so the CD4 cells can improve immune response.
36
Q

IgG

A
  • Most abundant antibody in the blood (80%)
  • Small antibody - can go where it wants in the body. Crosses through the placenta.
  • Provides developing fetus with immune support.
  • Most activity in humoral immunity
37
Q

Immunoglobin

A

Antibody

38
Q

IgA

A
  • Present in the body’s secretions (mucus, saliva, tears, sweat, colostrum).
39
Q

IgM

A
  • Largest
  • The first type of antibody produced by animals.
  • Most efficient antibody
40
Q

IgE

A
  • Very small amounts present in the blood
  • Plays a role in responding to allergies. Increased amounts are seen with people with allergies, allergic reactions,
  • Binds to mast cells resulting in the release of histamine from the mast cells.
41
Q

IgD

A
  • Unknown function
  • Present on the B-cells (lymphocytes)
42
Q

What allows the adaptive immunity to differentiate between host cells and invading cells?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complexes allow this distinction to be made.
- MHC 1 are found on all nucleated cells. T-cytotoxic cells interact with these to terminate invading or broken cells.
- MHC 2 are found on phagocytic cells. These interact with CD4 (helper T cells).

43
Q

Passive Vs Active Immunity

A

Passive immunity - immunity granted from another source. Most common examples are IgG molecules being passed through the placenta to the developing fetus. IgA molecules being passed through the colostrum to breast feeding baby. Antibody infusions.

Active immunity - Development of the organisms own immune response. Requires exposure to the offending organism which then allows the B and T lymphocytes to develop memory cells which will orchestrate an advanced immune defense w hen that same pathogen is presented again.
Vaccinations are a form of active immunity. A small dose of the antigen is administered into the patient’s body allowing the immune system to build an immune response for future exposures.

44
Q

Why do elderly populations have an increased risk for developing illnesses?

A

Multifactorial
1. Declining ability to adapt
2. Decrease size of the thymus gland
3. T cell reduction
4. More chronic conditions tax the body

Advanced Pathophysiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions