Exam 1 Blueprint

Question 1

Pathogenesis

Answer 1

How the disease or disorder develops.

Question 2

Morphology

Answer 2

The shape and structure of components

Question 3

Histology

Answer 3

Study of tissues and cells under the microscope

Question 4

Clinical manifestations

Answer 4

How the disease presents, what signs and symptoms it causes.

Question 5

Diagnosis

Answer 5

The determination of the nature of an illness or disease by examining the symptoms

Question 6

Disease

Answer 6

A disorder of the structure or function of an organism that has a known cause and expected signs and symptoms.

Question 7

Otitis Media
1. Common causes?
2. Risk factors?
3. How are children’s eustachian tubes different from adults?

Answer 7

Inflammation of the middle portion of the ear.
1. Can be caused by bacteria or viral pathogens
2. Smoking, daycare, bottle-feeding, feeding in the supine position, males, sharing a bedroom. The most crucial factor in development of OM is eustachian tube reflux. This connects the ear to the back of the throat which allows drainage and equalization of air pressure.
3. Children’s eustachian tubes are shorter, wider, and more horizontal. These factors can drastically increase the possibilities of OM development if a baby is primarily kept in the supine position.

Question 8

How does OM typically present?

Answer 8

• Acute onset of otalgia (can be seen as pulling of the ear in infants)
• Fever
• Irritability
• Otorrhea
• Redness and inflammation when viewing the middle ear

Question 9

Papilledema

Answer 9

The central retinal artery enters the eye through the optic papilla along with a vein. This is a small structure and during periods of increased intracranial pressure, this can reduce blood flow leaving through the papilla. This reduction results in vascular permeability and leakage of fluid resulting in papilledema.

The most common causes of this INCREASED ICP is DM, HTN, and cerebral tumors.

Question 10

Allergic VS viral VS bacterial conjunctivitis

Answer 10

Conjunctivitis is the inflammation of the conjunctiva - AKA pink eye.
Allergic - typically characterized by itching and redness of the conjunctiva. Most common cause is season allergies.
Viral - adenoviruses, herpes, enteroviruses.
Bacterial - can be hyper acute, acute, or chronic.

Hyper acute bacterial conjunctivitis is a sight threatening emergency caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Neisseria meningitidis. This is especially dangerous in infants. Yellow-green drainage from the eye.

Acute presents with burning, tearing, and mucopurulent drainage.