Chapter 1 and 2 Concepts of Health and Disease and Cell and Tissue Characteristics

Question 1

What are the 5 determinants of health in Healthy People 2030?

Answer 1

1. Access to quality healthcare
2. Access to education
3. Neighborhoods and buildings
4. Access to economic advances
   5.

Question 2

Reliability

Answer 2

Refers to the ability of a test to get comparable results each time the test is ran.

Question 3

Validity

Answer 3

Refers to the ability of a test/observation to accurately assess what is being tested/observed.

Question 4

Sensitivity/Specificity

Answer 4

Ability of a test to correctly identify (+) and (-) results correctly.

Question 5

Epidemiology

Answer 5

Study of diseases and how they affect populations.

Question 6

Incidence

Answer 6

The number of new cases of a disease affecting a specific population within a specific time frame.

Question 7

Prevalence

Answer 7

The total number of individuals with a disease at any given time.

Question 8

Cell membranes (4 major functions)

Answer 8

Cell membranes are found in eukaryotic cells.
1. They provide structure
2. They provide protection for the cell
3. They provide surface area for proteins to attach to
4. They aid in communication with other cells

Question 9

What are the main differences between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

Answer 9

Eukaryotic cells - nucleus, membrane bound organelles, usually multicellular, larger
Prokaryotic cells - cell wall, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles

Question 10

Nucleus
1. What is found here?
2. What happens in the nucleus?
3. What kind of cells have one?

Answer 10

Control center for the cell.
1. DNA is located in the nucleus.
2. The nucleus is where replication, transcription, and RNA processing take place.
3. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus

Question 11

Ribosomes

Answer 11

Ribosomes is where protein synthesis takes place. This typically occurs in the RER.

Question 12

Lysosomes

Answer 12

A part of the cell that contains digestive enzymes. Engulf substances and break them down within the cell.

Question 13

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 13

Sorts and packages cell substances for storage or transfer elsewhere. Uses vesicles to transfer substances throughout.

Question 14

Cytoplasm

Answer 14

Jelly-like substance composed of water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and other substances.

Question 15

Mitochondria
1. DNA
2. More or less
3. How does it work
4. Hx

Answer 15

Powerhouse of the cell.
1. Have their own DNA. The DNA found in mitochondria is passed down through the maternal side.
2. More mitochondria are located in cells where there is increased metabolic activity.
3. Transforms carbon substances into energy
4. Mitochondria are believed to have joined forces with other eukaryotic cells because they have their own DNA

Question 16

How do cells communicate?

Answer 16

Cells communicate through gap junctions. Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine means. Through synaptic signaling.

Question 17

Cell receptors and how they facilitate communication

Answer 17

1. Ion-linked receptors - membrane receptor activated by specific ions. Typically found in muscle and nerve cells. Once the ion binds it sets into motion a cascade of events.
2. G protein linked receptors - membrane bound receptors that are activated causing a dissociation of the protein, sending part of it as a second messenger into the cell to bring about a change.
3. Enzyme-linked receptor

Question 18

Cell cycle
1. Interphase
2. Mitosis

Answer 18

Interphase - the portion of the cell cycle that the cell is in the longest. Includes G1, S phase, and G2.
G1 - replication of the cell’s organelles. Cells enlarge.
S phase - synthesis phase - proteins are synthesized.
G2 - Cells grow larger, more proteins and organelles. Reorganization.

Mitosis - splitting of the cell into daughter cells. Starts with 46 chromosomes. Splits into two daughter cells who both have 46 chromosomes. Cells are identical.

Question 19

Cell metabolism

Answer 19

Anabolism - building of complex molecules from simpler ones. Requires energy to perform.
Catabolism - breaking down of large substances into smaller ones. Typically to get energy.

Question 20

Aerobic VS anaerobic pathways

Answer 20

Aerobic pathway occurs in the presence of oxygen (AKA oxidative). This process produces much more ATP (energy).
Anaerobic pathway is glycolysis - does not need oxygen to proceed.

Question 21

Diffusion

Answer 21

Movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Passive form of transportation. Most commonly seen with gas exchange. Example oxygen into the lungs and CO2 out.

Question 22

Osmosis

Answer 22

Passive transport. Movement of water from an area of less solutes and more water to an area of more solutes and less water. Basically trying to even things out.

Question 23

Active transport

Answer 23

Requires energy to move substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high.

Question 24

Endocytosis

Answer 24

Cells engulf substances, typically how they get nutrients. Pinocytosis is a form of this with fluids.

Question 25

Exocytosis

Answer 25

How cells expel unwanted material from within

Question 26

Epithelium tissue

Answer 26

Cover the outer portion of the body and line the GI/Resp tract. Many different types with different functions. Avascular. Receive nutrients from their basement membranes.

Question 27

Connective tissue

Answer 27

Most prevalent tissue type in the body. Provide structure and support to the body. Different types:
1. Adipose
2. Dense connective tissue
3. Loose/areolar

Question 28

Muscle tissue

Answer 28

Create movement within the body. Different types:
1. Cardiac muscle - has automaticity. Can generate their own electric impulses.
2. Smooth muscle - in charge of the involuntary movements. GI tract, lungs, blood vessels.
3. Skeletal muscle - attaches to bones to move the body

Question 29

Nervous tissue

Answer 29

Glial cells. Neurons