Chapter 1 and 2 Concepts of Health and Disease and Cell and Tissue Characteristics Flashcards
What are the 5 determinants of health in Healthy People 2030?
- Access to quality healthcare
- Access to education
- Neighborhoods and buildings
- Access to economic advances
5.
Reliability
Refers to the ability of a test to get comparable results each time the test is ran.
Validity
Refers to the ability of a test/observation to accurately assess what is being tested/observed.
Sensitivity/Specificity
Ability of a test to correctly identify (+) and (-) results correctly.
Epidemiology
Study of diseases and how they affect populations.
Incidence
The number of new cases of a disease affecting a specific population within a specific time frame.
Prevalence
The total number of individuals with a disease at any given time.
Cell membranes (4 major functions)
Cell membranes are found in eukaryotic cells.
1. They provide structure
2. They provide protection for the cell
3. They provide surface area for proteins to attach to
4. They aid in communication with other cells
What are the main differences between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells - nucleus, membrane bound organelles, usually multicellular, larger
Prokaryotic cells - cell wall, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles
Nucleus
1. What is found here?
2. What happens in the nucleus?
3. What kind of cells have one?
Control center for the cell.
1. DNA is located in the nucleus.
2. The nucleus is where replication, transcription, and RNA processing take place.
3. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
Ribosomes
Ribosomes is where protein synthesis takes place. This typically occurs in the RER.
Lysosomes
A part of the cell that contains digestive enzymes. Engulf substances and break them down within the cell.
Golgi Apparatus
Sorts and packages cell substances for storage or transfer elsewhere. Uses vesicles to transfer substances throughout.
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance composed of water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and other substances.
Mitochondria
1. DNA
2. More or less
3. How does it work
4. Hx
Powerhouse of the cell.
1. Have their own DNA. The DNA found in mitochondria is passed down through the maternal side.
2. More mitochondria are located in cells where there is increased metabolic activity.
3. Transforms carbon substances into energy
4. Mitochondria are believed to have joined forces with other eukaryotic cells because they have their own DNA
How do cells communicate?
Cells communicate through gap junctions. Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine means. Through synaptic signaling.
Cell receptors and how they facilitate communication
- Ion-linked receptors - membrane receptor activated by specific ions. Typically found in muscle and nerve cells. Once the ion binds it sets into motion a cascade of events.
- G protein linked receptors - membrane bound receptors that are activated causing a dissociation of the protein, sending part of it as a second messenger into the cell to bring about a change.
- Enzyme-linked receptor
Cell cycle
1. Interphase
2. Mitosis
Interphase - the portion of the cell cycle that the cell is in the longest. Includes G1, S phase, and G2.
G1 - replication of the cell’s organelles. Cells enlarge.
S phase - synthesis phase - proteins are synthesized.
G2 - Cells grow larger, more proteins and organelles. Reorganization.
Mitosis - splitting of the cell into daughter cells. Starts with 46 chromosomes. Splits into two daughter cells who both have 46 chromosomes. Cells are identical.
Cell metabolism
Anabolism - building of complex molecules from simpler ones. Requires energy to perform.
Catabolism - breaking down of large substances into smaller ones. Typically to get energy.
Aerobic VS anaerobic pathways
Aerobic pathway occurs in the presence of oxygen (AKA oxidative). This process produces much more ATP (energy).
Anaerobic pathway is glycolysis - does not need oxygen to proceed.
Diffusion
Movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Passive form of transportation. Most commonly seen with gas exchange. Example oxygen into the lungs and CO2 out.
Osmosis
Passive transport. Movement of water from an area of less solutes and more water to an area of more solutes and less water. Basically trying to even things out.
Active transport
Requires energy to move substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high.
Endocytosis
Cells engulf substances, typically how they get nutrients. Pinocytosis is a form of this with fluids.
Exocytosis
How cells expel unwanted material from within
Epithelium tissue
Cover the outer portion of the body and line the GI/Resp tract. Many different types with different functions. Avascular. Receive nutrients from their basement membranes.
Connective tissue
Most prevalent tissue type in the body. Provide structure and support to the body. Different types:
1. Adipose
2. Dense connective tissue
3. Loose/areolar
Muscle tissue
Create movement within the body. Different types:
1. Cardiac muscle - has automaticity. Can generate their own electric impulses.
2. Smooth muscle - in charge of the involuntary movements. GI tract, lungs, blood vessels.
3. Skeletal muscle - attaches to bones to move the body
Nervous tissue
Glial cells. Neurons
