Module 2 - Ch. 8 Infections processes Flashcards
number of microorganisms
resident flora
live with host w/o causing disease
transient
benefit the host by synthesizing molecules & inhibiting the growth of nonresident microorganisms
commensal “mutual”
host’s immune system is compromised, resident flora may become pathogenic & cause infection
oppurtunistic
How is adherence improved?
by the presence of adhesion molecules, slime layers, & pili
Escape from immune detection and destruction is enhanced by?
encapsulation, spore formation, mutation, use of flagella, & toxin production
What is the worst possible form of escape?
septic shock
What is septic shock?
release of bacterial endotoxins from immune destruction of the bacteria
Microorganisms that possess advantageous characteristics are:
virulent & thus more likely to cause disease
occurs when microorganisms undergo chance mutations that allow them to survive in the presence of an antibiotic:
drug resistance
When the antibiotic is present, these resistant strains emerge to become the dominant species in an individual and may be transmitted to others
resistant infections
Immunizations alter the susceptibility of the host by stimulating the immune system to:
create antibodies to the pathogen
a chain of events that includes passing of the pathogen from the reservoir of the infection through a portal of exit to a susceptible host through a portal of entry by a circumscribed mode of transmission
transmission of infection
Environmental factors influence the likelihood of exposure & infection by microorganisms:
sanitation-poor
air quality-poor
living conditions -crowded
climate-warm/humid
characterized according to shape (cocci, rods, spirals) reaction to stains (gram negative, gram positive, acid fast) oxygen requirements (aerobic, anaerobic)
bacteria
small pieces of genetic material (DNA, RNA)
associated with proteins & lipids
small intracellular pathogens that use the host’s energy sources & enzymes to replicate
Viral replication may or may not destroy the host cell
viruses
(fungal infection) Ringworm and athlete’s foot
superficial
(fungal infection) sporotrichosis, gardening and poison ivy
subcutaneous
(fungal infection) histoplasmosis, more serious, occurs when host IS is compromised
systemic -> shock
Protozoa (single cell parasite, ex. Giardia-live in gut)
Helminths (roundworms, flatworms)
Arthropods (ticks)
Manifestations of parasitic infections vary depending on the organism & site of infection
Common sites of parasitic infestation are the skin & gastrointestinal
parasites
search and tag invading antigens
WBC
antigens allow macrophage to destroy that specific invader
process of tagging
eliminate invaders, disease prevention occurs
antibody production
“good sign”, body is bringing blood to injury sight, body is protecting from infection attack
inflammation
when microbes enter the body and become symptomatic - fever, chills, redness
infection
loss of function
systematic
what searches & destroy invaders while other cells interact with & identify invaders to create antibodies to the invader (antigen)
specialized cells
Affects the body after having a disease or immunization against the disease.
Examples of this are having the diseases of measles or mump.
Receiving an immunization against the disease of measles.
This process introduces the disease to allow the body to develop antibodies against it.
active immunity
Result of the transfer of antibodies from one immune individual to another.
Infant receiving antibodies from the mother (across the placenta or through the breast milk).
passive immunity
