Module 2 - Ch. 8 Infections processes

Question 1

number of microorganisms

Answer 1

resident flora

Question 2

live with host w/o causing disease

Answer 2

transient

Question 3

benefit the host by synthesizing molecules & inhibiting the growth of nonresident microorganisms

Answer 3

commensal “mutual”

Question 4

host’s immune system is compromised, resident flora may become pathogenic & cause infection

Answer 4

oppurtunistic

Question 5

How is adherence improved?

Answer 5

by the presence of adhesion molecules, slime layers, & pili

Question 6

Escape from immune detection and destruction is enhanced by?

Answer 6

encapsulation, spore formation, mutation, use of flagella, & toxin production

Question 7

What is the worst possible form of escape?

Answer 7

septic shock

Question 8

What is septic shock?

Answer 8

release of bacterial endotoxins from immune destruction of the bacteria

Question 9

Microorganisms that possess advantageous characteristics are:

Answer 9

virulent & thus more likely to cause disease

Question 10

occurs when microorganisms undergo chance mutations that allow them to survive in the presence of an antibiotic:

Answer 10

drug resistance

Question 11

When the antibiotic is present, these resistant strains emerge to become the dominant species in an individual and may be transmitted to others

Answer 11

resistant infections

Question 12

Immunizations alter the susceptibility of the host by stimulating the immune system to:

Answer 12

create antibodies to the pathogen

Question 13

a chain of events that includes passing of the pathogen from the reservoir of the infection through a portal of exit to a susceptible host through a portal of entry by a circumscribed mode of transmission

Answer 13

transmission of infection

Question 14

Environmental factors influence the likelihood of exposure & infection by microorganisms:

Answer 14

sanitation-poor
air quality-poor
living conditions -crowded
climate-warm/humid

Question 15

characterized according to shape (cocci, rods, spirals)
reaction to stains (gram negative, gram positive, acid fast)
oxygen requirements (aerobic, anaerobic)

Answer 15

bacteria

Question 16

small pieces of genetic material (DNA, RNA)
associated with proteins & lipids
small intracellular pathogens that use the host’s energy sources & enzymes to replicate
Viral replication may or may not destroy the host cell

Answer 16

viruses

Question 17

(fungal infection) Ringworm and athlete’s foot

Answer 17

superficial

Question 18

(fungal infection) sporotrichosis, gardening and poison ivy

Answer 18

subcutaneous

Question 19

(fungal infection) histoplasmosis, more serious, occurs when host IS is compromised

Answer 19

systemic -> shock

Question 20

Protozoa (single cell parasite, ex. Giardia-live in gut)
Helminths (roundworms, flatworms)
Arthropods (ticks)
Manifestations of parasitic infections vary depending on the organism & site of infection
Common sites of parasitic infestation are the skin & gastrointestinal

Answer 20

parasites

Question 21

search and tag invading antigens

Answer 21

WBC

Question 22

antigens allow macrophage to destroy that specific invader

Answer 22

process of tagging

Question 23

eliminate invaders, disease prevention occurs

Answer 23

antibody production

Question 24

“good sign”, body is bringing blood to injury sight, body is protecting from infection attack

Answer 24

inflammation

Question 25

when microbes enter the body and become symptomatic - fever, chills, redness

Answer 25

infection

Question 26

loss of function

Answer 26

systematic

Question 27

what searches & destroy invaders while other cells interact with & identify invaders to create antibodies to the invader (antigen)

Answer 27

specialized cells

Question 28

Affects the body after having a disease or immunization against the disease.
Examples of this are having the diseases of measles or mump.
Receiving an immunization against the disease of measles.
This process introduces the disease to allow the body to develop antibodies against it.

Answer 28

active immunity

Question 29

Result of the transfer of antibodies from one immune individual to another.
Infant receiving antibodies from the mother (across the placenta or through the breast milk).

Answer 29

passive immunity