Module 2 (Ch. 15) Flashcards
What is a community?
- common characteristics
- bound by time
- interaction amongst members
- connections
3 essential characteristics of PHN
- community-oriented
- population-focused
- relationship based
Community oriented
aids in the goals, values, and beliefs of the community (interacts)
population oriented
a group of people that share one common interest
Relationship oriented
connect with relationship/communicate with the client. Trustworthy, education, implement.
purpose of theories and models for C/PHN
higher level of thinking than those that came before us
theory -> concepts -> conceptual model
Nightingale (powerful force of flo)
- our foundation (nursing and especially PHN)
- Focused on preventive care
- death rate 420/1000 soldiers - her first 2 months
- rate reduced 22/1000 soldiers - after 6 months
- she studied how the environment effects the patients
Neuman’s Health Care Systems Model
- system perspective on relationships between people, environment, nursing care & health
- Circular boundaries representing resistance and defenses which protect against environmental stressors
Salmon’s Construct for PHN (model)
- describes the focus of PH & guides PHN in providing care according to 3 priorities and 3 categories of intervention
Minnesota Wheel - The PH Interventions Model
- Presents PHN as a specialty
- explains how PHN improves population health
Public Health Nursing Practice Model (LAC PHN)
- Clarifies and guides PH practice
- Blends PHN practice and PH principles
- Public Health Nursing Standards of Practice
- 10 essential public health services
- 12 leading health indicators (from healthy people 2030)
- Minnesota Public Health Nursing Interventions Model
Adhere to 8 Principles of Public Health Nursing
- focus on community
- give priority to community needs
- work in partnership with the people
- focus on primary prevention
- promote a healthful environment
- Target all who might benefit
- Promote optimum allocation of resources
- collaborate with others in the community
Healthy Community
Healthy People 2030
- USDHHS published 5 main goals
National Prevention Strategy (NPS)
- Directions and priorities derived from healthy people 2030
- The roadmap to meeting the health prevention goals
Strategic directions
- core recommendations p.423
Healthy Community Priorities
- tobacco free living
- drug and alcohol use prevention
- healthy eating
- active living
- injury and violence free living
- reproductive and sexual health
- mental and emotional well-being
Dimensions of the community as a client
Another perspective:
- Location: (community boundaries, location of health services, geographic features, climate, flora, fauna, human-made environment)
- Population: (size, density, composition, rate of growth or decline, cultural characteristics, social class and educational level, mobility)
- Social System: (health, family, economic, educational, religion, welfare, political, recreational, legal, and communication)
health care delivery system is of central importance
Applying the Nursing Process
- use to problem-solve, manage, and implement change
- quad council core competencies (expected roles of the PHN)
- Deliberative, adaptable, cyclical, client focused, interactive, and need oriented
Developing a relationship with clients
- one to aggregate approach
- partnerships
- coalitions
Community Assessment
- 1st step
- Necessary for public health accreditation and required by the affordable care act
- 2 steps process
- collect pertinent data
- Analyze and interpret data
Assessment type - Familiarization/windshield survey
studying data already available on a community and then gathering a certain amount of firsthand data in order to gain a working knowledge of the community.
Problem-oriented assessment
begins with a single problem and assesses the community, the nurse would identify resources, programs, and support networks of potential benefit to the family.
community subsystem assessment
C/PHN focuses on a single dimension of community life. for example, the nurse might decide to survey churches and religious organizations to discover their roles in the community.
Comprehensive assessment
seeks to discover all relevant community health information. it begins with a review of existing studies and all the data presently available on the community.
Community assets assessment
Focuses on the strengths of a community and evaluates the needs that exist, the goals to be achieved, and the resources needed to carry out a study.
Surveys
an assessment method in which a series of questions is used to collect data for analysis of a specific area or group.
Descriptive epidemiologic studies
a tool used to suggest which individuals are at greatest risk and where and when the condition might occur.
Geographic information system analysis
A technology integration of research methods and analytic techniques from both medical geography and spatial epidemiology. It well documents, collects, organizes, and display public health data. It also is widely used in assessment and research of health disparities resources available, and health - related behaviors.
Community forums/social media
a qualitative assessment method designed to obtain community opinions. It takes place in the neighborhood of the people involved, perhaps in a school gymnasium or an auditorium.
- members come from within the community and represent all segments of the community that are involved with the issue
focus groups
a group of people who are asked about their attitude towards a product, service, advertisement or new style of packaging
- max of 15 people
Data sources
Primary: gathered by talking to the people
Secondary: records produced by people who know the community well
international
national
state
local
Official vs nonofficial data (official data comes from a government entity)
Data analysis
- make inferences or conclusions
- 1st validate the data
- categorize and determine significance
- analyze statistically
- again validate all assumptions
(validate data by assessment team rechecking it, rechecked by others, compare subjective and objective data, verify by community members)
Community diagnosis
- describes a situation and implies reason or etiology
- substitute “patient” with a ? in a nursing diagnosis
- adapt terminology to wellness focus
- consider total system
- wellness diagnosis
- deficit community diagnosis
- specific community diagnosis
Planning (community development)
- orderly, detailed series of actions
- set priorities (PEARL)
- Specific goals and objectives (SMART objectives)
- Include others
Planning: tools for assistance; operational definitions of objectives and activities, conceptual frameworks and models, systematic approach
PEARL
Propriety (conventionally accepted standards of behavior or morals), economics, acceptability, resources, and legality
SMART
Specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, time frame
Implementing
- putting plan into action
- work with the community
- help people learn to help themselves
- be flexible so you won’t get bent out of shape
- the nurse always sets the tone for the group
Evaluating
- measuring and judging effectiveness
- final step for this cycle
- evaluate through the entire process (formative and summative)
- evaluate the impact - how close did it come to attaining its goals?
Formative (evaluation)
focus on process during actual interventions; development of performance standards
Evaluating - summative
focus on the outcomes of interventions; effect; impact
Community Development Theory
- defined - community members address their own needs in partnership with health care providers
- empowers community members to work with health care teams
- PHN seeks full participation
- Benchmarking
- Best practices
Benchmarking
comparing outcomes against those of similar or to the excellent standard set by another organization
Best practice
quality care based on a specific standard or point of view
