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Biological Psyhcology > Module 2 - Cells of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Module 2 - Cells of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Made up of the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Made up of nerves and sensory organs

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3
Q

Nerves

A

Lots of neurons bundles together which transmit information from sensory organs to the brain and send information from the brain to the muscle or gland

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4
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

Detect environmental changes and send information about the changes to the CNS for processing

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5
Q

Motor Neuron

A

Contract muscles and glands to control motor behaviour

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6
Q

Interneuron

A

Found inbetween sensory and motor neurons in the CNS

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7
Q

Neuron

A

Transmit information

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8
Q

Soma

A

Cell nucleus & other important machinery for the neuronal function. Shape will vary in different neuron types

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9
Q

Membrane

A

The cell border made up of lipid (fatlike substance) that contain lots of protiens with various functions:
- Substance detectors and security guards
- Transporting substances in and out of the cell

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10
Q

Cytoplasm

A

What fills the space inside the membrane

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11
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains chromosomes with genetic information. They contains instructions for producing proteins

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12
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate) which is the energy sourse for the neuron

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13
Q

Dendrites

A

Like and antenna
Receive chemical messages sent from other neurons

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14
Q

Synapse (Synaptic Cleft)

A

The messages transmitter from neuron to neuron. They are made between the terminal buttons and dendrites
Cleft - Contains the fluid through which the neurotransmitter travels

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15
Q

Presynaptic Cell

A

The cell sending the message

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16
Q

Postsynaptic Cell

A

The cell receiving the message

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17
Q

Axon

A

Long tube (wrapped in myelin sheath)
Transmits an electrochemical message on its surface from the cell body of the neuron down to the terminal buttons

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18
Q

Action Potential

A

The message that transmits along the axon
Caused by a rapid burst of depolarisation followed by hyperpolarisation

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19
Q

Axoplasmic Transport

A

The axon stansports substances that a neuron needs that are only produced in the soma but need to get down to the terminal body.

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20
Q

Anterograde Transport

A

Where substances start from the soma and are transported to the terminal button

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21
Q

Retrograde Transport

A

Where substances start from the terminal button and are transported to the soma

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22
Q

Microtubules

A

Vesicles where axoplasmic transport occurs, located inside the axon.

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23
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Over the top of the axon, acts like an insulator
Stops neuron messages interfering with one another

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24
Q

Terminal Button

A

Located at the end of the axon
Secrete chemicals into the synapse

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25
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical released into the synapse

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26
Q

Glial Cell

A

Support for neurons that store nutrients and provide protection. Acts as a glue to keen neurons together, control chemical and nutrient supply, insulate, destroy & remove dead neurons

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27
Q

Glial Cell - CNS - Astrocyte

A

Provide chemical regulation and production, act as a neuron glue, contain the neurotransmitters to the synapse

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28
Q

Glial Cell - CNS - Oligodendrocyte

A

Myelin maker for insulation. Produce little myelin tubes that cover axons with miniscule gaps inbetween called Nodes of Ranvier

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29
Q

Glial Cell - CNS - Microglia

A

Damage control (phasocytosis) and immune function

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30
Q

Glial Cell - PNS - Schwann Cell

A

Myelin makers for PNS. Each Schwann Cell makes 1 piece of myelin

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31
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

The little myelin tubes that cover the miniscule gaps on the axon

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32
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

Barrier between the blood and the fluid that surrounds the brain cells.
Important for controlling extracellular composition and protecting the brain from pathogens

33
Q

Intracellular & Extracellular Fluid

A

Contains Ions
Intracelluar - inside the neuron
Extracellular - outside of the neuron

34
Q

Area Postrema

A
35
Q

Withdrawal Reflex

A

A reflex intended to protect the body from damaging stimuli.
Neurons work in a circuit
Sensory neuron > Interneuron > Motor neuron

36
Q

Membrane Potential

A

The difference in electrical potential inside versus the outside neuron

37
Q

Resting Potential

A

Neuron resting potential is negative (-70mv)

38
Q

Hyperpolarisation

A

More negative electrical charge in neuron
Makes it less likely that action potential to occur

39
Q

Depolaritasion

A

More positive electrical charge in neuron
Makes it more likely that an action potential will occur

40
Q

Threshold of Excitation

A

The threshold of depolarisation where an action potential will occur

41
Q

Diffusion

A

Molecules that move from regions if high concentration to regions of low concentration.

42
Q

Electrostatic Pressure

A

When particles with same charge repel each other, but particles with different charges are attracted to eachother, its the force exerted by attraction and repulsion. The pressure can also more ions from place to place across the cell membrane

43
Q

Ion

A

Small charged particles

44
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged ions

45
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged ions

46
Q

Organic Anions

A

Negatively charged ions that are only found inside the neuron
They cannot pass through the cell membrane and contribute to the negative charge

47
Q

Chloride Ions

A

Negative charge (anion) found mostly outside the neuron
Concentrated outside
Diffusion pushes it into the neuron, but electrostatic pressure pushes it out
(Inside of the neuron is negative, and like charges repel)

48
Q

Potassoim Ions

A

Positive charge (cation) found mostly inside of the neuron
Concentrated inside
Diffusion pushes it out of the neuron, but elctrostatic pressure pushes it in
(Outside of neuron is positive and like charges repel)

49
Q

Sodium Ions

A

Positive charge (cation) found mostly outside of the neuron
Concentrated outside
Diffusion pushes it into the neuron, as does the electrostatic pressure
(inside of the neuron is positive, opposite charges attract)

50
Q

Sodium-Potassium Pump & Transporters

A

Pushes sodium ions out of the cell
Made up of transporters (proteins which push ions across the cell membrane)
For every 3 sodium ions the proteins transport out of the neuron, two potassium ions go back in
The pump used a ton of energy

51
Q

Voltage Dependant Ion Channel

A

Special proteins embedded into the membrane of the neuron
Ion channels can be open or closed depending on the charge of the cell at a given moment in time
The opening/closing cause the action potential to occur

52
Q

All or None Law

A
53
Q

Rate Law

A

Changes to indicate differences in intensity, the rate at which action potentials are egenrated in a neuron changes

54
Q

Firing Rate

A
55
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A
56
Q

Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)

A

Brief changes in charge of the postsynaptic cell (depolarisation or hyperpolarisation)
Can cause a postsynaptic neuron to reach the threshold of excitation and generate its own action potential

57
Q

Binding Site

A

On the receptor proteins located on the membrane of the postsynaptic cell
Neurotransmitters fit to the binding sites like a key that fits the lock

58
Q

Ligand

A

If a chemical fits the binding site of the receptor protein

59
Q

Axodendritic Synapse

A

Dendritic membrane of the receiving cell (smooth dendrite or dendritic spine)

60
Q

Axosomatic Synapse

A

Somatic membrane of the receiving cell

61
Q

Axoaxonic Synapse

A

A terminal button of the reciving cell

62
Q

Presynaptic & Postsynaptic Membrane

A

Presynaptic membrane - Border of the sending cell
Postsynaptic membrane - Border of the receiving cell

63
Q

Synaptic Vesicle

A

Containers made up of membrane that contain molecules of neurotransmitters to be released into the synapse

64
Q

Dendritic Spine

A
65
Q

Neurotransmitter Dependant Ion Channel

A

Open when the neurotransmitter molecules bind to a binding site on a postsynaptic receptor

66
Q

Ionotropic Receptor

A

Class of neurotransmitter dependant receptor
Open ion channel directly
Have a neurotransmitter binding site and an ion channel that opens up neurotransmitter binding

67
Q

Metabotropic Receptor

A

Class of neurotransmitter dependant receptor
Open ion channels indirectly
Have neurotransmitter binding site, but no ion channel. Instead upon binding, a series of events happen which eventually cause an ion channel somwhere in the cell membrane to open.

68
Q

Calcium Ion Channel

A
69
Q

Excitatory PSP

A

When ion movement causes an increase in charge (depolarisation)

70
Q

Inhibitory PSP

A

When ion movement causes an decrease in charge (hyperpolarisation)

71
Q

Reuptake

A

Occurs when neurotransmitter molecules in synapse are taken back up into the terminal button of the presynaptic
Achieved by special transporter proteins embedded into the membrane of the terminal button

72
Q

Enzymatic Deactivation

A

Removes neurotransmitters from the synapse by breaking it down into smaller parts
Once neurotransmitter molecules are split up into their component parts, they cannot bind to binding sides on postsynaptic receptos.

73
Q

Neural Integration

A

The process by which the inhibitory and excitatory potentials sent to a neuron are added toegther at the axon hillock
A neuron can have several connections with other neurons that are active
These connections could be a mix of excitatory or inhibitory
Crucial for a neuron to combine the messages sent from several other neurons

74
Q

Axon Hillock

A

Between the axon and the soma

75
Q

Autoreceptors

A

Receptor proteins on the membrane of the presynaptic cell
Autoreceptors on the presynaptic neuron respond to neurotransmitter that is released by that presynapthic neuron
They influence neurotransmitter production and release to help regulate neurotransmitter levels

76
Q

Neuromodulators

A

They diffuse across extracellular fluid more broadly and can influence the activity of several neurons at once. Similar to neurotransmitters

77
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals released by the endrocrine glands as well as cells in various organs, which are distribruted through the bloodstream and can influence neuronal activity
Modulate activity to shape behaviour

78
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Produce chemicals eg; pancreas, thyroid gland

79
Q

Target Cells

A

Neurons with special receptors for particular hormones

Biological Psyhcology (4 decks)

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