Module 1 - Introduction to Biological Psychology

Question 1

Aristotle (384 - 322 BCE)

Answer 1

Believed that the heart was in the mind. The brain cools tha passions of the heart

Question 2

Hippocrates (370 - 460 BCE)

Answer 2

“Not only our pleasure, but also our sorrow rises from the brain and the brain alone”

Question 3

Galen (129 - 21- CE)

Answer 3

Labelled “Father of Modern Medicine”, linked the mind to the brain. Treated gladiators for head injuries and noticed changes in behaviour. He dissected brains of animals and helped contributed to our knowledge of anatomy & physiology

Question 4

Rene Decartes (1596 - 1650)

Answer 4

Coined “reflexes”, showing some behaviour is seperate from the mind. Argued that animals (and maybe people) work similar to a machine.
Mind and body interact through the Pineal Gland

Question 5

Luigi Galvani (1737 - 1798)

Answer 5

Tested ideas around mind-body by stimulation of frog nerves.

Question 6

Johannes Muller (1802 - 1858)

Answer 6

Dcotrine of specific nerve energies - The part of the brain get information from difference nerves, showing the parts of the brain has different funtions

Question 7

Ramon Santiago y Cajal (1852 - 1934)

Answer 7

Staining to visual neurons, revealing the structures.

Question 8

Biological Psychology (Behavioural Neuroscience)

Answer 8

Multidisciplinary field that combines the methods of psychology, biology, physiology, chemistry and computer science to try and explain the relationship between the brain and behaviour.

Question 9

Approach - Generalisation

Answer 9

When one makes an overall conclusion based on many similar observations.

Question 10

Approach - Reduction

Answer 10

When one understands a larger, complex idea/process by breaking it down into smaller parts

Question 11

Mind Body Problem

Answer 11

The debate that the mind and the body are seperate, whereas others argue that the mind arises from the body

Question 12

Dualism

Question 13

Monism

Question 14

Natural Selection

Question 15

Functionalism

Answer 15

The physical features of a given species, which govern behaviour, are related to function. We have to consider function when studying how the brain shapes behaviour.

Question 16

Evolution

Answer 16

Gradual changes in a species brought about via natural selection over time.
The physical features (and therefore behaviour) of a given species are adaptive. These features are due to natural selection.
Features will vary, some increase chance of survival or reproduction, some features are inherited.

Question 17

Chromosomes

Answer 17

Contain genetic information that give instructions for producing proteins

Question 18

Genes

Question 19

Proteins

Answer 19

Serves as enzymes and control chemical reactions to decide what gets made. Part of the neuron structure and function

Question 20

Alleles

Question 21

Mutations

Answer 21

Changes in genetic information contained in the chromosomes or sperm or eggs that can be passed to offspring

Question 22

Selective Advantage

Answer 22

Mutations that increase survival and reproduction chances

Question 23

Neoteny

Answer 23

The slowed-down rate of brain maturation which gives the brain more time to develop

Question 24

Ethics Committees

Answer 24

Gives advice on moral questions in clinical care, educates clinical staff and the public on issues in medical ethics, and develops policies related to patient care.

Question 25

Informed Consent

Answer 25

Before a given individual decides to participate in research study, they are made fully aware of the goal of the study, the risks and benefits of the participation, aswell as how the data is collected and stored

Question 26

Reduction

Answer 26

Methods for obtaining comparable levels of information from the use of fewer animals in scientific procedures or for obtaining more information from the same number of animals

Question 27

Replacement

Answer 27

Methods that permit a given purpose of an activity or project to be achieved without the use of animals

Question 28

Refinement

Answer 28

Methods that alleviate or minimise potential pain and distress, and enhance animal wellbeing

Question 29

Neuroethics

Answer 29

An interdisciplinary field focusing on ethical issues raised by our increased and constantly improving understanding of the brain and our ability to monitor and influence it