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Anatomy & Physiology > Module 2 (Cells) > Flashcards

Module 2 (Cells) Flashcards

1
Q

Smallest unit of life

A

cells

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2
Q

selectively permeable barrier

A

plasma membrane

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3
Q

intracellular fluid (ICF) packed with organelles

A

cytoplasm

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4
Q

organelle that controls cellular activities

A

nucleus

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5
Q

fluid outside the cell

A

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)

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6
Q

which fluid has more in quantity

A

ICF (60% ICF, 40% ECF)

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7
Q

aid in digestion (gastric fluids) or act as lubricants (saliva – with enzymes).

A

cellular secretions

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8
Q

The outer walls of the cells is made up of ____

A

fats

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9
Q

The outer walls of the cells is?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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10
Q

allows the membrane to communicate with its environment,

A

membrane proteins

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11
Q

a carbohydrate rich are that provides identity molecules for specific biologicals markers.

A

glycocalyx

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12
Q

spaces between the cells; allow neighboring cells to adhere and to communicate inhibit or aid in allowing movement of molecules between cells

A

cell junction

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13
Q

______ provides structure and stiffens the cell membrane

A

cholesterol

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14
Q

two parts of a membrane lipid

A

Polar hydrophilic head, Nonpolar hydrophobic tail

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15
Q

proteins that go through the membrane

A

integral / transmembrane proteins

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16
Q

protein that go outer or sits on the inner leaflet of the cell.

A

peripheral protein

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17
Q

Support the creation of proteins

A

enzymes

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18
Q

tightest cell junctions; impermeable junction (does not allow any ions/molecules to pass through); prevents movements of substances between the cells.

A

tight junctions

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19
Q

linked by proteins by linker proteins (cadherins); found in cardiac muscle cells

A

Desmosome

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20
Q

there is a plaque, resist separation during contractile movement ; found in stomach

A

Adherens Junctions

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21
Q

communicating junctions; allow ions and small molecules to pass from cell to cell; important in heart and embryonic cells; allow group of cells almost act like a one same cell

A

gap junctions

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22
Q

also called the concentration gradient; allows transport without energy

A

diffusion

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23
Q

transport with no energy required

A

passive transport

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24
Q

diffuse simple, nonpolar molecules directly move through the lipid bilayer (usually small nonpolar molecules that readily dissolve in lipids)

A

Simple diffusion

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25
Q

diffusion through either a) binding to carrier proteins or 2) through water filled channel proteins

A

Facilitated diffusion

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26
Q

diffusion via protein carrier for one chemical

A

CARRIER-MEDIATED FACILITATED DIFFUSION

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27
Q

diffusion through channel protein; only small solutes can pass through.

A

CHANNEL-MEDIATED FACILATED DIFFUSION

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28
Q

passive movement of liquids; diffusion of a solvent such as water through a specific channel protein (Aquaporin) or through the lipid bilayer.

A

Osmosis

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29
Q

Refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells; internal water volume.

A

Tonicity

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30
Q

equal water value; cells retain their normal size and shape as there is no dominating movement of solute (no net gain or loss)

A

isotonic

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31
Q

cells lose water by osmosis causing for ECF to have a higher concentration than ICF ; the cells will shrink (crenation)

A

Hypertonic

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32
Q

greater concentration of ICF than ECF; the cell will be bloated and burst (-lysis)

A

Hypotonic

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33
Q

salt is followed by ___

A

water

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34
Q

type of transport that Requires transport proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances

A

active transport

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35
Q

transport that directly uses ATP hydrolysis; a pump protein moves substances across the plasma membrane;

A

PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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36
Q

what is PISO?

A

Potassium In, Sodium Out

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37
Q

most abundant intracellular ion

A

Potassium

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38
Q

Most abundant extracellular ion

A

Sodium

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39
Q

active transport in which cotransport of two solutes across the membrane; maximizing ATP from primary active transport

A

Secondary active transport

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40
Q

endocytosis that cell-eats a large external particle; eats macrophages which are digested by lysosomes.

A

Phagocytosis

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41
Q

fluid-phase endocytosis; cell drinking of external fluid droplets;

A

Pinocytosis

41
Q

endocytosis that requires a receptor site and from a vesicle; external substances binds to membrane receptors.

A

Receptor-Mediated endocytosis

41
Q

endocytosis wherein vesicles pinch off from golgi apparatus and travel to other organelles to deliver cargo.

A

vesicular trafficking

42
Q

secretion/ejection of substances from a cell

A

exocytosis

43
Q

a combination of endocytosis and exocytosis is used to move substances from one side of a cell, across, and out the other side.

A

transcytosis

44
Q

The resting membrane potential is determined mainly by the concentration gradient of ___

A

K+

45
Q

This is a ell surface proteins that mediate the interaction between cells, or between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM).

A

Cell Adhesion molecules

46
Q

A diverse group of integral proteins that serve as binding sites which play a role in contact signaling and chemical signaling

A

Plasma Membrane receptors

47
Q

cells come together, touch and recognize one another. (useful in development and immunity)

A

Contact signaling

48
Q

a ligand (chemical messenger) binds a specific receptor and initiates response.

A

chemical signaling

49
Q

___are chemical messengers; first messengers

A

Ligands

50
Q

chemicals that act locally and are rapidly destroyed

A

Paracrines

51
Q

A chemical signaling which cell targets itself

A

autocrine

52
Q

a chemical signaling where cell targets a cell connected by gap junctions

A

Signaling across gap junctions

53
Q

a chemical signal wherein cell targets a nearby cell

A

paracrine

54
Q

chemical signal wherein cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream

A

endocrine

55
Q

cell-forming material; site of most cellular activities

A

Cytoplasm

56
Q

viscous, semi-transparent fluid in which other cytoplasmic elements are suspended

A

cytosol

57
Q

metabolic machinery of the cell that synthesize proteins, generate ATP

A

organelles

58
Q

chemical substances like stored nutrients, lipid droplets and pigments

A

inclusions

59
Q

modifies, concentrate, and package the proteins and lipids

A

Golgi apparatus

60
Q

spherical membranous sacs containing enzymes

A

Peroxisomes

61
Q

digests all kinds of biological molecules (invading bacteria and cell debris)

A

Lysosomes

62
Q

organelle that provides ATP supply

A

Mitochondria

63
Q

sites of protein synthesis in the cell

A

Ribosomes

64
Q

studded with ribosomes that manufacture all proteins

A

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

65
Q

ER that contains integral proteins called enzymes that catalyze reactions

A

Smoot ER

66
Q

proteins that includes 8 essential amino acids; from meat products; cannot be produced by the body

A

high biologic protein

67
Q

System of organelles that work together mainly to Produce, degrade, store and export biological molecules; and Degrade potentially harmful substances (Golgi, ER, secretory vesicles, lysosomes)

A

Endomembrane system

68
Q

a cellular extension that is whiplike, motile that occur on the exposed surfaces of certain cells.

A

Cilia

69
Q

cell extension that is projections formed by centrioles but longer. It propels the cell itself

A

Flagella

70
Q

what is the only example of flagella?

A

Sperm

71
Q

tiny, finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that project from an exposed cell surface. It increase the cell surface and and most often found in absorptive cells in the intestine and kidney

A

Microvilli

72
Q

sites where cell structures called ribosomes are assembled.

A

nucleoli / nucleolus

73
Q

When a cell is dividing to form two daughter cells, this threads coil and condense to form dense, rodlike bodies called chromosomes

A

Chromatin

74
Q

control center of the cell

A

nucleus

75
Q

skeletal muscles, bone destruction cells and some liver cells have one nucleus compared to other cells. true or false?

A

false. they are multinucleate (have multiple nucleus)

76
Q

a double membrane that acts as a nuclear boundary.

A

nuclear envelope

77
Q

period from cell formation to cell division;

A

interphase

78
Q

interphase subphase wherein DNA is replicated

A

S subphase

79
Q

interphase subphase wherein enzymes and other proteins are synthesized, centriole replication is complete; prepares for the mitosis

A

G2 Subphase (Gap 2)

80
Q

DNA is a double helix, and it will undergo a sequence of 4 steps

A

Uncoiling, separation, assembly, restoration

81
Q

division of the nucleus, is the series of events that parcels out the replicated DNA of the parent cell to 2 daughter cells

A

Mitosis

82
Q

how many chromosomes are produced in mitosis?

A

46 chromosomes

83
Q

Phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

84
Q

process of division of the cytoplasm; dividing of the cells into two

A

Cytokinesis

85
Q

separates the two homologous chromosomes into daughter cells after being modified by recombining parts of each other by crossover exchanges in Prophase I

A

Meiosis I

86
Q

started with 2 cells resulting to 4 separate cells

A

meiosis II

87
Q

segment of a DNA molecule that carries instructions for creating one polypeptide chain.

A

gene

88
Q

4 nucleotide bases?

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Tymine

89
Q

single strand and has 3 forms that act together to carry out DNA’s instructions for polypeptide synthesis

A

RNA

90
Q

RNA that carries the coded information to the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis occurs

A

messenger RNA

91
Q

RNA with 2 units form functional ribosomes which are sites of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomal RNA

92
Q

RNA that ferry amino acids to the ribosomes

A

Transfer RNA

93
Q

a process how a normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell

A

transformation

94
Q

masses of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue.

A

tumors

95
Q

if abnormal cells become mobile or detaches from its original site, it is a ____

A

metastatic tumor

96
Q

programmed cell death,

A

apoptosis

97
Q

Immortal line of cell

A

HeLa

98
Q

disposal of cells which weeps up bits of cytoplasm and organelles into double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes then delivered to lysosomes for digestion.

A

Autophagy (self-eating)

99
Q

disposal of cells which Ubiquitin proteins attach to marked proteins ready for destruction and then hydrolyzed by proteasome

A

UBIQUITIN-PROTEASOME PATHWAY

Anatomy & Physiology (8 decks)

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