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Anatomy & Physiology > Module 2 (Cells) > Flashcards

Module 2 (Cells) Flashcards

1
Q

Smallest unit of life

A

cells

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2
Q

selectively permeable barrier

A

plasma membrane

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3
Q

intracellular fluid (ICF) packed with organelles

A

cytoplasm

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4
Q

organelle that controls cellular activities

A

nucleus

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5
Q

fluid outside the cell

A

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)

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6
Q

which fluid has more in quantity

A

ICF (60% ICF, 40% ECF)

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7
Q

aid in digestion (gastric fluids) or act as lubricants (saliva – with enzymes).

A

cellular secretions

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8
Q

The outer walls of the cells is made up of ____

A

fats

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9
Q

The outer walls of the cells is?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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10
Q

allows the membrane to communicate with its environment,

A

membrane proteins

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11
Q

a carbohydrate rich are that provides identity molecules for specific biologicals markers.

A

glycocalyx

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12
Q

spaces between the cells; allow neighboring cells to adhere and to communicate inhibit or aid in allowing movement of molecules between cells

A

cell junction

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13
Q

______ provides structure and stiffens the cell membrane

A

cholesterol

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14
Q

two parts of a membrane lipid

A

Polar hydrophilic head, Nonpolar hydrophobic tail

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15
Q

proteins that go through the membrane

A

integral / transmembrane proteins

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16
Q

protein that go outer or sits on the inner leaflet of the cell.

A

peripheral protein

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17
Q

Support the creation of proteins

A

enzymes

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18
Q

tightest cell junctions; impermeable junction (does not allow any ions/molecules to pass through); prevents movements of substances between the cells.

A

tight junctions

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19
Q

linked by proteins by linker proteins (cadherins); found in cardiac muscle cells

A

Desmosome

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20
Q

there is a plaque, resist separation during contractile movement ; found in stomach

A

Adherens Junctions

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21
Q

communicating junctions; allow ions and small molecules to pass from cell to cell; important in heart and embryonic cells; allow group of cells almost act like a one same cell

A

gap junctions

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22
Q

also called the concentration gradient; allows transport without energy

A

diffusion

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23
Q

transport with no energy required

A

passive transport

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24
Q

diffuse simple, nonpolar molecules directly move through the lipid bilayer (usually small nonpolar molecules that readily dissolve in lipids)

A

Simple diffusion

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25
diffusion through either a) binding to carrier proteins or 2) through water filled channel proteins
Facilitated diffusion
26
diffusion via protein carrier for one chemical
CARRIER-MEDIATED FACILITATED DIFFUSION
27
diffusion through channel protein; only small solutes can pass through.
CHANNEL-MEDIATED FACILATED DIFFUSION
28
passive movement of liquids; diffusion of a solvent such as water through a specific channel protein (Aquaporin) or through the lipid bilayer.
Osmosis
29
Refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells; internal water volume.
Tonicity
30
equal water value; cells retain their normal size and shape as there is no dominating movement of solute (no net gain or loss)
isotonic
31
cells lose water by osmosis causing for ECF to have a higher concentration than ICF ; the cells will shrink (crenation)
Hypertonic
32
greater concentration of ICF than ECF; the cell will be bloated and burst (-lysis)
Hypotonic
33
salt is followed by ___
water
34
type of transport that Requires transport proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances
active transport
35
transport that directly uses ATP hydrolysis; a pump protein moves substances across the plasma membrane;
PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT
36
what is PISO?
Potassium In, Sodium Out
37
most abundant intracellular ion
Potassium
38
Most abundant extracellular ion
Sodium
39
active transport in which cotransport of two solutes across the membrane; maximizing ATP from primary active transport
Secondary active transport
40
endocytosis that cell-eats a large external particle; eats macrophages which are digested by lysosomes.
Phagocytosis
41
fluid-phase endocytosis; cell drinking of external fluid droplets;
Pinocytosis
41
endocytosis that requires a receptor site and from a vesicle; external substances binds to membrane receptors.
Receptor-Mediated endocytosis
41
endocytosis wherein vesicles pinch off from golgi apparatus and travel to other organelles to deliver cargo.
vesicular trafficking
42
secretion/ejection of substances from a cell
exocytosis
43
a combination of endocytosis and exocytosis is used to move substances from one side of a cell, across, and out the other side.
transcytosis
44
The resting membrane potential is determined mainly by the concentration gradient of ___
K+
45
This is a ell surface proteins that mediate the interaction between cells, or between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM).
Cell Adhesion molecules
46
A diverse group of integral proteins that serve as binding sites which play a role in contact signaling and chemical signaling
Plasma Membrane receptors
47
cells come together, touch and recognize one another. (useful in development and immunity)
Contact signaling
48
a ligand (chemical messenger) binds a specific receptor and initiates response.
chemical signaling
49
___are chemical messengers; first messengers
Ligands
50
chemicals that act locally and are rapidly destroyed
Paracrines
51
A chemical signaling which cell targets itself
autocrine
52
a chemical signaling where cell targets a cell connected by gap junctions
Signaling across gap junctions
53
a chemical signal wherein cell targets a nearby cell
paracrine
54
chemical signal wherein cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream
endocrine
55
cell-forming material; site of most cellular activities
Cytoplasm
56
viscous, semi-transparent fluid in which other cytoplasmic elements are suspended
cytosol
57
metabolic machinery of the cell that synthesize proteins, generate ATP
organelles
58
chemical substances like stored nutrients, lipid droplets and pigments
inclusions
59
modifies, concentrate, and package the proteins and lipids
Golgi apparatus
60
spherical membranous sacs containing enzymes
Peroxisomes
61
digests all kinds of biological molecules (invading bacteria and cell debris)
Lysosomes
62
organelle that provides ATP supply
Mitochondria
63
sites of protein synthesis in the cell
Ribosomes
64
studded with ribosomes that manufacture all proteins
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
65
ER that contains integral proteins called enzymes that catalyze reactions
Smoot ER
66
proteins that includes 8 essential amino acids; from meat products; cannot be produced by the body
high biologic protein
67
System of organelles that work together mainly to Produce, degrade, store and export biological molecules; and Degrade potentially harmful substances (Golgi, ER, secretory vesicles, lysosomes)
Endomembrane system
68
a cellular extension that is whiplike, motile that occur on the exposed surfaces of certain cells.
Cilia
69
cell extension that is projections formed by centrioles but longer. It propels the cell itself
Flagella
70
what is the only example of flagella?
Sperm
71
tiny, finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that project from an exposed cell surface. It increase the cell surface and and most often found in absorptive cells in the intestine and kidney
Microvilli
72
sites where cell structures called ribosomes are assembled.
nucleoli / nucleolus
73
When a cell is dividing to form two daughter cells, this threads coil and condense to form dense, rodlike bodies called chromosomes
Chromatin
74
control center of the cell
nucleus
75
skeletal muscles, bone destruction cells and some liver cells have one nucleus compared to other cells. true or false?
false. they are multinucleate (have multiple nucleus)
76
a double membrane that acts as a nuclear boundary.
nuclear envelope
77
period from cell formation to cell division;
interphase
78
interphase subphase wherein DNA is replicated
S subphase
79
interphase subphase wherein enzymes and other proteins are synthesized, centriole replication is complete; prepares for the mitosis
G2 Subphase (Gap 2)
80
DNA is a double helix, and it will undergo a sequence of 4 steps
Uncoiling, separation, assembly, restoration
81
division of the nucleus, is the series of events that parcels out the replicated DNA of the parent cell to 2 daughter cells
Mitosis
82
how many chromosomes are produced in mitosis?
46 chromosomes
83
Phases of mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
84
process of division of the cytoplasm; dividing of the cells into two
Cytokinesis
85
separates the two homologous chromosomes into daughter cells after being modified by recombining parts of each other by crossover exchanges in Prophase I
Meiosis I
86
started with 2 cells resulting to 4 separate cells
meiosis II
87
segment of a DNA molecule that carries instructions for creating one polypeptide chain.
gene
88
4 nucleotide bases?
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Tymine
89
single strand and has 3 forms that act together to carry out DNA’s instructions for polypeptide synthesis
RNA
90
RNA that carries the coded information to the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis occurs
messenger RNA
91
RNA with 2 units form functional ribosomes which are sites of protein synthesis
Ribosomal RNA
92
RNA that ferry amino acids to the ribosomes
Transfer RNA
93
a process how a normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell
transformation
94
masses of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue.
tumors
95
if abnormal cells become mobile or detaches from its original site, it is a ____
metastatic tumor
96
programmed cell death,
apoptosis
97
Immortal line of cell
HeLa
98
disposal of cells which weeps up bits of cytoplasm and organelles into double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes then delivered to lysosomes for digestion.
Autophagy (self-eating)
99
disposal of cells which Ubiquitin proteins attach to marked proteins ready for destruction and then hydrolyzed by proteasome
UBIQUITIN-PROTEASOME PATHWAY

Anatomy & Physiology (8 decks)

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