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Pop Health 111 > Module 2: Causality & Causes of Causes & SEP > Flashcards

Module 2: Causality & Causes of Causes & SEP Flashcards

1
Q

Causality in epidemiological studies

A

Identify associations between potential exposures with outcomes but not done via human experiments

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2
Q

Lind’s experiment

A

Proved that cures can be found before finding causes e.g. Cholera and scurry

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3
Q

Bradford Hill framework

A

Non strict criteria for causal relationship

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4
Q

Temporality - BHF

A

Key to causality - First cause then disease

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5
Q

Strength of association - BHF

A

Stronger association means causal association in absence of cofounding

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6
Q

Reveribilty - BHF

A

If you can show removal of causes removes outcome

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7
Q

Biological gradient - BHF

A

Change in disease rates has corresponding chnages in outcome

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8
Q

Biological plausability of association - BHF

A

Does the cause make biological sense

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9
Q

Consistency - BHF

A

Many similar repeated studies show similar results

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10
Q

Specfitiy - BHF

A

Cause has a single effect

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11
Q

Specficity - BHF

A

Cause has a single effect

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12
Q

Rothmans causal pie model

A

Recognises multiple factors can contirbute to being a cause

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13
Q

Rothmans pie model weakness

A

Assumes all causes are deterministic always

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14
Q

Sufficient cause - RPM

A

All factors are the minimum requirement of disease “whole pie”

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15
Q

Component cause - RPM

A

A factor contributing to a disease but isn’t sufficient to cause it alone “Slice of pie”

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16
Q

Necessary cause - RPM

A

A factor necessary for cause

17
Q

Causation probability

A

A cause increases probabilty of outcome

18
Q

Probability of outcome rises to 1

A

Sufficient cause

19
Q

Probability of outcome rises from zero

A

Necessary cause

20
Q

Contributws to moving probability from zero to 1

A

Component cause

21
Q

Downstream determinants

A

Interventions at micro level - Easily changed in one day “Proximal causes”

22
Q

Upstream determinants

A

Interventions at macro distant level thus requires formal change e.g. government, political

23
Q

Dahlgren and whitehead model

A

Framwork identifying determinants of health and levels of intervention

24
Q

Level 1 intervention: Individual (D&WH)

A

Non modifiable factors - Genes, inherited biology, lifestyle habits

25
Q

Level 2 intervnetion: Community (D&WH)

A

Social and community influences, housing and work

26
Q

Level 3 intervnetion: Enviromental (D&WH)

A

Socioeconomic, culutral and enviroment conditions e.g. buildings, religion, climate, political, city design

27
Q

Four social capitals components

A
  1. Natural eniroment to support life and human activity
  2. Social norms and values in society
  3. Human involves peoples skills, knowlegde, wellbeing
  4. Financial/physical is countries financial and physical assets
28
Q

Structure in Pop hlth

A

Social determinants influencing choice and opportunity

29
Q

Agency in Pop hlth

A

Capactiy of individuals/community to make own choices

30
Q

Socio economic position

A

Status, class, stratification of people in society is measured to quantify level of inequity in relationship between health and social variables

31
Q

SEP for individuals

A

Education, income, occupation, housing, assets and wealth

32
Q

SEP for populations

A

Area based - deprivation and access

Population based - Income inequality, literacy rates(life expectancy), Gross domestic product per capita (Health prioritisation)

33
Q

SEP on Dahlgren & whitehead model

A

Education is key determinant for opporutnitiess, income, assets and wealth but everything is integrated

34
Q

SEP - Social influence

A

Parents SEP influences childrens SEP

35
Q

SEP - Housing/work

A

Employment, housing and sanitation

36
Q

SEP - Intergenerated SEP

A

Generational influence of SEP from parent to grandchild

37
Q

SEP - General socioeconomic, cultural and environmental conditions

A

Population groups with similar SEP levels

38
Q

SEP - Global determinants

A

Income inequality, national income, literacy rates, free trade agreements

39
Q

Causes of causes/social gradient

A

Individuals with lowest income have poorest health care due to a causal linkage

Education -> employment -> Income -> access
Education -> access -> Discrimination -> Being in a minority group

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