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TCEP Review > Module 2: Biochemistry Part 1 > Flashcards

Module 2: Biochemistry Part 1 Flashcards

Module 2

1
Q

Carbohydrates: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
* The mono and disaccharides are___ substances

A

white cystalline

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2
Q

Carbohydrates:PHYSICALPROPERTIES
* The mono and disaccharides are white crystalline substances; starches are _____ powder

A

amorphous

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3
Q

Carbohydrates: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
The mono and disaccharides are white crystalline substances; starches are amorphous powder, while the most complex cellulose is _____

A

fibrous

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3
Q

Carbohydrates: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
* Both mono and disaccharides are _____ , while starches and cellulose are tasteless

A

sweet

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4
Q

Carbohydrates: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
* Both mono and disaccharides are sweet, while, starches and cellulose are ____

A

tasteless

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5
Q

Carbohydrates: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
* Both __, and ____ are sweet, while starches and cellulose are tasteless

A

mono and disaccharides

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6
Q

Carbohydrates:
Carbohydrates: CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
* Reducing Power
All mono and disaccharides containing the potentially free aldehyde or ketone group possess ___

A

reducing properties

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7
Q

Carbohydrates: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
* Both mono and disaccharides are sweet, while__, and ___are tasteless

A

starches and cellulose

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7
Q

Carbohydrates: Chemical Property
All Monosaccharides undergoes this process ___.

A

Mutarotation

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8
Q

Carbohydrates: CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
All mono and disaccharides containing the potentially free __ or __ group possess reducing properties

A

aldehyde or ketone

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9
Q

Carbohydrates:
Enantiomer:
b. Diastereomer:
c. Epimers:
d. Tautomers: Tautomerization: rapid interconversion of molecule; Ketoenol isomerism

A
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10
Q

Carbohydrates:
____ Non-superimposable mirror image and give example

A

Enantiomer
D & L-isomerism

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11
Q

Carbohydrates:non-superimposable, not mirror image

A

Diasteriomer

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12
Q

Carbohydrates:
Epimers- Glucose vs galactose - epimers at

A

C#4

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13
Q

Carbohydrates: -
Epimers: Glucose vs mannose - epimers at ____

A

C #2

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14
Q

Carbohydrates:
same in all except 1 Carbon

A

Epimers

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15
Q

There is only 1 sugar unit

A

Monossacharide

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16
Q

Carbohydrates
_____: rapid interconversion of molecule; Keto-enol isomerism

A

Tautomers

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16
Q

Carbohydrates
_____ : rapid interconversion of molecule; Keto-enol isomerism

A

rapid interconversion of molecule; Keto-enol isomerism

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16
Q

Simplest and most basic

A

Monossacharide

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17
Q

Monosaccharide
According to functional groups:
___ = CARBONYL AT POSITION 1
____= CARBONYL CARBON AT POSITION 2

A

Aldose
ketose

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18
Q

Monossacharide can be classified by __, ___

A

According to
- Functional group
- number of carbon atoms

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18
Q

Monosaccharide
According to functional groups:
ALDOSE = CARBONYL AT POSITION ___
KETOSE = CARBONYL CARBON AT POSITION ___

A

1
2

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19
Q

Other name of Glucose

A

Blood Sugar
Physical sugar
graps sugae
Dextrose
Com Sugar
D-glucopyranose

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20
Q

Tautomerization rapid interconversion of molecule;___-

A

Keto-enol isomerism

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21
Q

Provide one example of glucose

A

aldohexose

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22
Q

Most important monosaccharide, and sugar

A

glucose

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23
Q

the science concerned with the chemical basis of life

A

biochemistry

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24
Q

chemical constituents of living cells and with the reactions and processes they undergo.

A

Biochemistry

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24
Q

biomelecule is also known as

A

biomacromolecule

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25
Q

it means life

A

bios

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25
Q

– a general term referring to organic compounds essential to life

A

 Biomolecule

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26
Q

it means study of chemicals/matter

A

chemistry

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27
Q

CLiNPharm ang organic compound, mnemonic meanic

A

the components of organic compounds are carbohydrates
lipids
Nucleic acid
Protein

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28
Q

what are the components of organic compound

A

CLiNPharm anf organic compound
Carbohydrates
lipids
Nucleic acid
protein

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29
Q

Celll–> ___, –>___–>___ –> organism

A

Cell →Tissues →Organs →Organ System →Organism

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29
Q

how much is the molecular composition of Water

A

70-75%

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30
Q

How much is the molecular composition of organic molecules (CLiNPharm)

A

25-30%

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31
Q

How much is the molecular composition of inorganic molecules in the cell?

A

trace elements

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32
Q

3NC, meanssss

A

Nucleus has 4 parts
Nuclear membrane
Nuceloli/ Nucleulus
Nucleoplasm
Chromatin/ chromosomes

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32
Q

What are the distinct parts of the cell

A

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm

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32
Q

T or F. Biomelecules are organic molecules

A

True

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33
Q

What are the molecular components of cell

A

Water
organic molecules
Inorganic molecules

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33
Q

What are the four parts of the nucleus

A

3NC
Nuclear membrane
Nuceloli/ Nucleulus
Nucleoplasm
Chromatin/ chromosomes

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34
Q

Protects the genetic material : protective covering

A

Nuclear membrane/ envelope

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34
Q

It is the brain of the cell

A

Nucleus

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35
Q

It is the control center of the cell

A

Nucleus

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36
Q

it is the exchange of material between nucleus and rest of the cell occurs through nuclear pores.

A

Nuclear pores

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36
Q

Nuclear membrane is the Main determinant whether the cell is ___, and ____.

A

EUKARYOTIC or PROKARYOTIC

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36
Q

Differentiate prokaryote and eukaryote in terms of

Nucleus
membrane
ribosomal subunit
example
shape of chromosome

A

Prokarypte
No Nucleus, No NM
No membrane
ribosomal subunit : 30s + 50s = 70s
example: Bacteria, archea, monera
shape of chromosome: DNA: Circular

EUKARYOTE
Has true Nucleus and NM
membrane: MItochondria, Lysosomes, ER, Golgi Apparatus
ribosomal subunit: 40s + 60s = 80s
example: animals, plants, fungi
shape of chromosome

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36
Q

Main determinant whether the cell is EUKARYOTIC or PROKARYOTIC

A

Nuclear membrane/ envelope

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37
Q

what is the old term for bacteria

A

archea

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37
Q

30s and 50s what is the meaning for S

A

SVEDBERG: it is the unit for ribosomal unit

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37
Q

buy AT 30, CELL at 50

A

30s
Aminoglycoside
Tetracyline

50s
Chloramphenicol
erythromycin
Linezolid
Lincomycin

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38
Q

A prokaryotic chromosome is usually a circular molecule (an
exception is that of the bacterium _____ which causes ____)

A

Borrelia burgdorferi,
Lyme disease).

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39
Q

it is a bacteria that is prokaryote but has a linear chromosome (eukaryotic feature )

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

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40
Q

Prokaryotes can carry _____called plasmids, which are usually circular

A

extrachromosomal DNA elements

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41
Q

Prokaryotes can carry extrachromosomal DNA elements, called ____

A

plasmids

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42
Q

this is nakahiwalay sa nucleus

A

plasmids

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42
Q

It is the liquid part of the nucleus

A

Nucleoplasm

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43
Q

It contains enzymes involved in the synthesis of DNA and RNA

A

NUcleoli/ Nucleolus/ Nuclear matrix

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44
Q

it is responsible for resistance

A

plasmids

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45
Q

It is the chromosomal DNA

A

Nucleiod

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46
Q

It is also known as Nucleoplasm

A

Karyoplasm

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46
Q

it is a circular, double stranded piece of DNA, NOT surrounded by a nuclear membrane

A

Nucleoid

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46
Q

It is the smaller pieces of DNA

A

Plasmid

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46
Q

It is capable of autonomous or self-regulated replication

A

Plasmid

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47
Q

It is also called Nucleoli (Nucleolus)

A

Nuclear matrix

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47
Q

it is the site of ribosomal assembly

A

Nucleoli (Nucleolus)

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47
Q

at the center of chromosomes is called

A

centromere

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48
Q

It is also called as nuclear matrix.

A

Nucleoli (Nucleolus)

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48
Q

_____ – rod-like involves during cell division

A

Chromosomes

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49
Q

Organized structural unit

A

Chromatin/ chromosomes

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50
Q

_____ – threadlike, cell is not dividing

A

Chromatin

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51
Q

for normal patients how much is the total chromosomes; and pair

A

46: 23

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52
Q

it is the tail of chromosome, what is it called

A

chromatoids

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53
Q

What is the chromosomes of female and male

A

Female is XX (kase magkakapareho ang ugali ng babae, hahahh)
Male is XY

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54
Q

___ are small basic proteins that participate in forming the nucleosomal structure of the chromatin.

A

Histones

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55
Q

Defiency of Don syndrome

A

they has a 47 chromosome and thrid copy at 21

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56
Q

It is also called as Down syndrome

A

Trisomy 21

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57
Q

What is the relationship of chromatin and histones

A

Chromatin —> Histones –> chromosomes

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58
Q

Cell membrane is aka

A

plasma membrane/ plasma lemma

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59
Q

The outermost structure of the cell that decides its contour is the cell
membrane

A

cell membrane

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60
Q

Components of cell membrane

A

PGCA
Phospholipid
Glycoprotein/ glycolipid
Cholesterol
arachidonic acid

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61
Q

cell membrane is a ____ which means not all can pass through and exit

A

semipermeable

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61
Q

example of eicosanoids

A

Leukotriene
Thromboxane (TXA2)
Prostaglandin
Prostacyclin (PGI2)

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62
Q

It is the major cause of pain and inflammation

A

Prostaglandin

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63
Q

It is the main structural unit of cell membrane

A

phospholipid

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64
Q

it serves as a channel

A

Glycoprotein/ glycolipid

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65
Q

phospholipid
head–
tail –

A

head–hydrophobic/ lipophilic - polar
tail — hydropihilic

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66
Q

functions as fluidity and consistency of the cell

A

cholesterol

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67
Q

The outermost structure of the cell that decides its contour is the cell
membrane.

A

cell membrane

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68
Q

polyunsaturated FA. 20:4 (5,8,11,14) DOUBLE BONDS

A

Arachidonic acid

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69
Q

explain lamellar theory or unit membrane theory

A

lamellar theory is that polar heads gets always on the outside while the hydrophilic tail always gets on the inside.

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70
Q

It is the precursor of eicosanoid

A

Arachidonic acid

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71
Q

Explain the arachidonic acid pathway??

A

Arachidonic acid has a subtype which is the Cox and Lox. Cox has 3 eicosanoids (types) namely prostaglandin, Thromboxane, (TXA2), and PGI2 prostaglandin while the lox has a eicosanoids of Leukotriene

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72
Q

what is the structural unit of plants

A

cellulose

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73
Q

what is the structural unit of fungi

A

ergosterol

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73
Q

what is the structural unit of bacteria

A

peptidoglycan - has no cell membrane but has a cell all

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74
Q

what is the structural unit of animals

A

phospholipid bilayer like humans

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75
Q

what is the structural unit of exoskeleton of anthropods, lobster and crabs

A

chitin

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76
Q

Differentiate the gram negative and positive peptidoglycan

A

negative - thin layer of peptidoglycan, has outer membrane

positive- thick layer of peptidoglycan and without membrane

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77
Q

what are the components of the cytoplasm

A

Cytosol
Inclusion
organelles

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78
Q

semi-transparent fluid that suspend other elements

A

cytosol

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79
Q

site of GLYCOLYSIS, GLYCOGENESIS, FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS

A

GGF
Cytosol

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80
Q

includes nutrients and cell by-products

A

inclusion

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81
Q

hindi gaano mahalaga, their just kasama

A

inclusion

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82
Q

GGF

A

cytosol is the site of GGF(glycolysis, glycogenesis, fatty acid synthesis

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83
Q

what are the cell cycle (Steps)

A

interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

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84
Q

It is the longest duration during the cell cycle

A

G1 in the interphase

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85
Q

it is also known as S phase

A

DNA synthesis phase
DNA replicated

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86
Q

it is where DNA is replicated

A

S phase

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86
Q

wwhat is included the interphase

A

G1, S, and G2

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87
Q

It is also known as G2 phase

A

pre-mitosis phase

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88
Q

it is the supercoils condensed

A

G2 phase

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88
Q

it is the machinery of mitosis assembled

A

G2: pre mitosis phase

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89
Q

it is the division of nucleus

A

mitosis

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90
Q

It is also known as the g1

A

growth phase and preDNA phase

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91
Q

it is the division of cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

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92
Q

what happens in MItosis, there is ___

A

PMAT
prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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93
Q

it is aka metaphase

A

X alignment

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93
Q

it is aka as prophase

A

Chromosomal (X) formation

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94
Q

it is aka Anaphase

A

X mitigation

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95
Q

it is aka telophase

A

nuclear reconstitution

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96
Q

it is the total seeration of nucleus

A

nuclear reconstitution : Telophase

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96
Q

what are the drugs that inhibits the microtubules

A

griseofulvin
colchicine
vinca

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97
Q

it is the hydrates of carbon

A

carbohydrates

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98
Q

What do you call the tiny tubules in the metaphase

A

microtubules

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99
Q

what does animal cell do not possess ehich plant cell possesses

A

chloroplasts
cell wall
vacoules are larger

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100
Q

general chemical formula for carbohydrates

A

CnH2nOn where n represents the number of carbon

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100
Q

carbohydrates is a polyhydroxyl xompounds of ____ and ____

A

aldehyde and ketone

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101
Q

it is the most abundantorganic molecules in nature

A

carbohydrates

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102
Q

monosaccharide and disaccharide are both

A

crystalline sugar

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103
Q

it is the sweetest sugar

A

fructose

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104
Q

oligo and polysaccharide are both

A

fibrous sugar

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105
Q

It is the standard sweet of sugar

A

Sucrose

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105
Q

It is the least sweet sugar

A

lactose

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105
Q

It contains 3-10 monossacharide

A

oligosaccharide

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106
Q

it contains more than 10 monossacharide

A

polysaccharide

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107
Q

it is also known as fibrous sugar

A

amorphous sugar

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108
Q

it is the basic unit of carbohydrates

A

monossacharide

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109
Q

it is also known as the table sugar

A

Sucrose

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110
Q

What is an example of amorphous or fibrous sugar

A

Starch

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111
Q

what is the difference of crystalline and fibrous sugar interms of taste

A

crystalline - sweet taste
fibrous - tasteless sugar

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111
Q

all monosaccharide are ____ while disaccharide are only ____, and ____

A

reducing sugar
mannose and lactose

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112
Q

It is the same molecular formula and structure but different in arrangement

A

Isomers

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113
Q

what is the arrangement of fischer projection

A

vertical and horizontal arrangement

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113
Q

what is the arrangement of Haworth projection

A

Cyclic arrangement

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114
Q

what is the most stable conformation of cyclohexane

A

Chair conformation

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114
Q

how much is the carbon membered ring in furanose and pyranose

A

Furanose- five C ring
pyranose- Six C ring

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115
Q

What is the difference between aldose and ketose in terms of carbonyl group

A

Aldose- C=O is in C1
Ketose - C=O is in C2

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116
Q

Glucose is an __hexose

A

aldohexose

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116
Q

It is the most important monosaccharide and sugar

A

Glucose

116
Q

It is a sugar converted to ATP/Energy

A

Glucose

117
Q

what is the source of energy ?

A

1 g lipids: 9kcal
1g carbo: kcal
1 g alcohol: 7 kcal

117
Q

It is the most important monosaccharide

A

Hexose because its example are glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose

118
Q

type of sugar that does not occur naturally

A

8Carbon

118
Q

If glucose is high then a patient is suffering from_____ = Low in insulin

A

Hyperglycemia (Diabetis mellitus)

118
Q

what is the major metabolic pathway of glucose

A

Glycolysis

119
Q

what is the test for glucose

A

MOore’s test

119
Q

What is the test for frutose

A

Seliwanoff’s test

119
Q

what is the postitive result of Moores test (glucose test)

A

Caramel

120
Q

Xylose is an aldo____

A

pentose

121
Q

what is the other name of frucotse

A

Laevulose
Fruit sugar

122
Q

What is the (+) result of fructose test-Seliwanoff’s test

A

red ppt

123
Q

Galactose is an aldohexose just like

A

Glucose and mannose

124
Q

other name os wood sugar

A

Xylose

125
Q

what is the other name for galactose

A

Brain sugar (galactocerebroside)

126
Q

It is the C4 epimer of glucose

A

Galactose

127
Q

What is the + results for Mucic acid test - Galactose test

A

crystal formation

128
Q

Gal –> Glu = C4 epimers

A

Galactose

129
Q

if galactose accumulates in brain it is called ____ and in the eyes it is called ____

A

Galactosemia
cataract

130
Q

It is a test for galactose

A

Mucic acid test

131
Q

Brain is mahilig sa mucic

A

Mucic acid test is for galactose

132
Q

It is the most reactive test for Ozasone test

A

mannose

132
Q

It is the C2 epimer of glucose

A

mannose

133
Q

Mannitol is an mannose and it uses for

A

Osmotic diuretic For hydrocephalus patient

134
Q

It is the test for mannose

A

Osazone test

135
Q

What is the + result for Mannose- Osazone test

A

Needle shaped crystal

136
Q

Ozasone test is aka

A

Kowarsky

137
Q

Osazone testis not just a test for mannose but also for and their + result

A

Maltose - sunflower shaped
Lactose - Powder puff shaped
galactose - Rhombic like

138
Q

Important sugar for genetics
formation

A

Ribose

139
Q

Ribose is a ___

A

Aldopentose

139
Q

Contained in Simple syrup NF → 85% w/v

A

Demulcent

140
Q

Glu + Fru

A

Sucrose

141
Q

It is also known as Maltose

A

Malt sugar
Beer sugar

142
Q

Glu + Glu

A

Maltose

143
Q

Give example of glucose unit

A

Maltose
Trehalose
Cellobiose

144
Q

What is the test for Cellobiose

A

Tollen’s phloroglucinol test

145
Q

If glycosidic bond is alpha and beta where does the bond attached to?

A

Alpha: baba
Beta: taas

146
Q

If 2 glucose units are maltose, trehalose and cellobiose. then what glycosisc bond and where they come from each

A

maltose - Alpha 1,4 from malted grain
trehalose - Alpha 1, 1 from fungi (ergot and yeast)
cellobiose - Beta 1, 4 from plants

147
Q

What is the other term for lactose

A

Milk Sugar

148
Q

Glu + Gal

A

Lactose

149
Q

Lactulose is produced by the _____ of lactose

A

Alkaline rearrangement

150
Q

What is the brand name of Lactulose

A

Duphalac

151
Q

Lactulose yields ___, and ____ upon hydrolysis

A

fructose and galactose

151
Q

Lactulose yields fructose and galactose upon ____

A

hydrolysis

151
Q

Bacteria in the colon metabolize the disaccharide to acetic acid and lactic acid, and sufficient accumulation of these irritating acids cause a ____

A

laxative effect

152
Q

Gal +Glu + Fru

A

Raffinose

153
Q

Glu +GLu + Glu

A

Maltotriose

154
Q

Glu + Fru + Gal

A

Sucralose

154
Q

Glu + Glu+ Fru

A

Gentiaose

155
Q

What are the examples of oligosaccharide

A

Raffinose
Maltotriose
Sucralose
Gentiaose

156
Q

The only example of tetrasaccharide

A

Stachyose

156
Q

2 gal + 1 Glu + 1 fru

A

Stachyose

157
Q

Polysaccharide are divided into 2 namely

A

Homoglycans 1 component and heteroglycans 2 component

158
Q

example of homoglycan (1 component ) and what are their differents among them

A

Starch - glucose
Glycogen
Inulin - the only fructosan among them
Dextrin - glucosan/ glucan
Cellulose - glucosan/ glucan

158
Q

Examples of Heteroglycan ( 2 or more components )

A

Gums
Mucilage
Indian gum
Karaya
agar

159
Q

Temporary storage form of photosynthetic products in plants

A

Starch

159
Q

Most widely distributed organic compound in plants

A

Starch

160
Q

What are the enzymes that breakdown starch : and where they can be found (what organ)

A

ENZYMES that breakdown starch:
* B-amylase – pancreatic juice and saliva
* A-amylase – hydrolyzes it to maltose

161
Q

It is the biomarker for pancreatic dx

A

Alpha amylase beacause it is seen in pancreas alone while beta amylase is seen in both pancreas and saliva

162
Q

SaliBa Pa

A

ENZYMES that breakdown starch:
* B-amylase – pancreatic juice and saliva

163
Q

Starch
Differentiate amylose and amylopectin. Based on their
- Structure
- composition
- linkage
- sollubility
- (+) result when added to iodine

A

AMYLOSE
- Structure= LINEAR
- composition= 250 TO 300 D GLUCOPYRANOSE UNITS
- linkage = ALPHA 1,4 GLYCOSIDIC BOND
- sollubility = MORE SOLLUBLE IN WATER
- (+) result when added to iodine = DEEP BLUE COMPLEX

AMYLOPECTIN
- Structure = BRANCHING EVERY 25 UNITS
- composition = 1,000 OR MORE GLUCOSE UNITS
- linkage = ALPHA 1,4 ALPHA 1,6 BRANCH
- sollubility = LESS SOLLUBLE IN WATER
- (+) result when added to iodine = BLUE VIOLET OR PURPLE

164
Q

Examples of Polysaccharide

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Inulin

165
Q

Major form of store cRBOHYDRATES IN ANIMALS

A

Glycogen

166
Q

Glycogen is glycosodically bonded to

A

alpha 1,4 and alpha 1-6 every 8-10 units

166
Q

Cellulose is glycosidically bonded to every

A

Beta 1,4 glycosodic bond

167
Q

It is a diagnostic agent for kidney fxn

A

Inulin

168
Q

It is the only fructan or fructosan in Polysaccharide

A

Inulin

169
Q

It measure the gromelular filtration rate

A

Inulin- Kidney function

169
Q

PaPaNan Na?

A

The fundamentals Components of Nucleic acid
Phosphate group
Pentose sugar
Nitrogenous base

169
Q

If CHO is CnH2nOn= Carbohydrates
CHON
CHONP

A

CHON= PROTEIN
CHONP= Nucleic acid

170
Q

These are polymers of nucleotides

A

Nucleic acid

171
Q

Composed of DNA and RNA

A

Nucleic acid

172
Q

What are the fundamental Components:

CHONP

A
  1. Pentose Sugar
  2. Phosphate Group
  3. Nitrogenous Base
173
Q

Elemental composition of Nucleic acid

A

Carbohydrates
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphate

174
Q

It is a large molecular wt. compounds composed of many repeating subunits

A

Polymer

175
Q

Example of polymer

A

Nucleic acid
Carbohydrates

176
Q

It is a repeating subunit

A

monomer

177
Q

how to differentiate the guanine and adenine

A

Adenine - is Alang Oxygen but Amino group lang
Guanine - has double bnd oxygen in its structure

177
Q

It is responsible for the acidic character of Nucleic acid

A

Phosphate group

177
Q

PyrCUT-S

A

Pyrimidine
Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine
Six Carbon membered ring

178
Q

only be seen in RNA
Only be seen in DNA

A

Uracil
Thymine

178
Q

How to differentiate Cytosine Thymine and Uracil structure

A

Cytosine- has 1 oxygen Thymine- 2 Oxgen with methyl
Uracil- 2 oxygen without methyl

179
Q

Example of pentose sugar, and waht is their difference

A

2 Deoxyribose has h in C2
Ribosehas OH in C2

179
Q

____ for purine and
_____ for pyrimidine

A

osine
idine

179
Q

Differentiate DNA and RNA
- spell out
- strand
- Sugar
Nitrogenous base

A

DNA
- spell out = DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
- strand = DOUBLE STRAND
- Sugar= DEOXYRIBOSE
Nitrogenous base=
GUANINE
ADENINE
CYTOSINE
THYMINE

RNA
- spell out = RIBONUCLEIC ACID
- strand= SINGLE
- Sugar= RIBOSE
Nitrogenous base=
GUANINE
ADENINE
CYTOSINE
URACIL

179
Q

named by changing the nitrogen base ending to

A

Nucleoside

179
Q

it is aka nucleoside phosphate

A

nucletide

179
Q

Pentose sugar + Nitrogenous base

A

Nucleoside

180
Q

T or F. Nucleoside is the same as nucleotide

A

No because Side has only P and N while tide has PPN

180
Q

Puro 9 ni PurGA

A

Purine has a 9 carbon membered ring and its example are
Guanine
Adenine

180
Q

What is the structural organization of Nucleic acid

A

primary
Secondary
Tertiary

181
Q

named using the name of the nucleoside followed by ___

A

nucleosite

182
Q

What bond does base to base binds

A

Hydrogen bonds

182
Q

Structural organization: Nucleic acid
hat is their difference or unique characteristics
Primary
Secondary
tertiary

A

Primary – sequence of the nucleotide
Secondary – helical structure : Stabilized by H – bond
Tertiary— supercoiling, it is a stabilization

183
Q

What is the bond that pentose to phosphate binds

A

Phosphoester bonds

184
Q

What bond does nucletide and nucleotide binds

A

Phosphodiester bond

184
Q

What does Phospjodiester bond binds

A

nucleotide to nucleotide

185
Q

What is the primary bond that carbohydrates

A

glycosidic bond

185
Q

in terms of complimentarity, what does Cytosine and adenosine binds to

A

If DNA
C-G
T-A

RNA
C-G
A-U

186
Q

Base pairs: What is the difference between major groove and minor groove

A

Major groove - binded by 2 bonds
Minor groov- binded bye 3 binds

187
Q

Nagrevieww ako ng Major but 2 lang nakuha
while others nag revieww ng minor but marami parin nakuha

A

Major groove - binded by 2 bonds
Minor groov- binded bye 3 binds

188
Q

What is the primary bond of all nucleic acid

A

Phophoiester bond

188
Q

Wooble hypothesis. The movement of this first base allows for _______ with the last base of the codon, the 3’ base of the codon.

A

nontraditional base pairing

188
Q

Base from base pairs, What does base pairs is the major and minor groove

A

Adenine and Thymine = Major groove
Cytosine and Guanine = Minor groove

189
Q

In lay man’s term, what is wooble hypotheisis

A

In every codon, if the last pair of codon doesnt match its true base pair, it is called wooble

189
Q

The movement of this first base allows for nontraditional base pairing with the last base of the codon, the 3’ base of the codon. This movement is called ____

A

Wooble

190
Q

It allows a single tRNA to recognize more than one codon.

A

Wooble Hypothesis

191
Q

In the chains, each end of the helix contains the 5’ end of one strand and the 3’ end of the other.

A

Antiparallelism

192
Q

Several codons may code for the same amino acid

A

degeneracy of the genetic code
like 1 amino acid = 6 codons

193
Q

Breakage of Hydrogen bonds through INC in Melting and Temperature

A

Denaturation

194
Q

It is also known as Denaturation

A

loss of 3D structure

194
Q

What is the other term for
Replication
Transcription
Translation

A

Replication - DNA synthesis
Transcription - RNA Synthesis
Translation- Protein synthesis

194
Q

is it denaturation a reversible?

A

Yes because of Renaturation

194
Q

it is affected by dentauration

A

secondary helical structure because it was stabilized by H bond

195
Q

Reforming of nucleic acid

A

renaturation

196
Q

It is also known as renaturation

A

Annealing

197
Q

where does replication happens

A

Nucleulus

198
Q

Where does Transcription and translation happens

A

Transcription- Nucleulus
translation- ER or rough ER

199
Q

what are the steps in replication

A

Initiation
Priming
Poymerization

200
Q

It creates template RNA prime for each strand

A

Primase

200
Q

It opens the DNA double helix

A

Helicases

201
Q

It proofread the template in the DNA

A

DNA polymerase III

202
Q

it synthesize DNA in a 5’—- 3’ direction

A

Polymerization

203
Q

Part in in the replication that is magaling lang sa una

A

DNA polymerase III

203
Q

in the polymerization process there is new and old strand created, specifically what are they?

A

leading strand
new: lagging strand has paces

204
Q

it is the spaces in the lagging strand

A

Okazaki fragment

205
Q

___ removes the RNA primer and fills the gaps between Okazaki fragments

A

DNA polymerase I

206
Q

joins the DNA fragments of the lagging strand, creating a single DNA molecule.

A

DNA ligase

207
Q

Relieves the stress generated by the unwinding of DNA (supercoiling)

A

Topoisomerases

208
Q

Modify the newly synthesize DNA

A

Topoisomerases

209
Q

DNA gyrase is targeted by

A

Quinolones

210
Q

fxn: Unzipping the helix

A

Helicase

211
Q

fxn: synthesizing RNA primer

A

pimase

212
Q

fxn: adding bases to the new DNA chain: proofreading the chain for mistakes

A

DNA polymerase III

212
Q

Topoisomerases type II is aka

A

DNA gyrase

213
Q

Removing RNA primer, replacing gaps between Okazaki fragments with correct nucleotides, repairing mismatched bases

A

DNA polymerase I

214
Q

fxn: Final binding of nicks in DNA during synthesis and repair

A

LIgase

215
Q

fxn: supercoiling

A

Gyrase

216
Q

has a unique left– handed helical structure, which is most stable in vitro during methylation or negative supercoiling

A

Z DNA

217
Q

what are the DNA forms and what are their differences in terms of handed

A

Z DNA- LEFT HANDED
B DNA- RIGHT HANDED
A DNA- RIGHT HANDED

217
Q
  • less common
  • dehydrated B – DNA form
A

A – DNA

218
Q

____ Two parent strands stay together,and two daughter strands stay together.

A

Conservative

218
Q
  • most common / most abundant
  • Described by Watson & Crick using X – ray
    diffraction
A

B DNA

219
Q

___ : parental and daughter material are mixed on eachstrand.

A

Dispersive

220
Q

____ One parent strand and one daughter strand appear in the final product. New DNA is made by using the original DNA as a template.

A

 Semiconservative:

221
Q

DNA synthesis is _____

A

Semiconservative

222
Q
  • Synthesis of RNA from DNA
  • produces the three basic types of RNA:
A

Transcriptions
Types
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA

223
Q

it is a template of protein synthesis

A

mRNS

224
Q

it is carrier of codons

A

mRNA

225
Q

it is a sequence of 3 DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds to a specific amino acid

A

codons

225
Q

contains anti-codon

A

tRNA

226
Q

it is the site of protein synthesis

A

rRNA

226
Q

Synthesis of DNA from RNA

A

reverse transcription

227
Q

Reverse transcription is a process catalyzed by ___

A

RNA directed DNA polymerase

228
Q

Oncogenic or tumor-producing- RNA
viruses, also known as ___ can synthesize DNA from RNA REVERSE TRANSCRIPTIO

A

retroviuses

229
Q

which codes for a regulatory protein that binds to the
operator and inhibits transcription

A

REPRESSOR

229
Q

functioning unit of key nucleotide sequences
producing mRNA.

A

OPeron

230
Q

___ DNA sequence that enables a gene to be
transcribed.

A

Promoter

231
Q

which regulates the activity of the structural genes of the operon

A

Operator

232
Q

Introns is aka

A

noncoding region

232
Q

Exons is aka

A

coding region

233
Q

▪ The informational DNA segments that make up genes

A

Exons

234
Q

The noncoding regions

A

Introns

235
Q

Before the mRNA molecule leaves th nucleus, the nonsense bases that make up the introns are cut out and the informationally useful exons are joined together. == ___

A

RNA splicing

236
Q

Before the mRNA molecule leaves th nucleus, the nonsense bases that make up ___ and the informationally useful ____together. == RNA Splicing

A

the introns are cut out
exons are joined

237
Q

What are the steps in Translation

A

Activation
Initiation
Elongation
Termination

238
Q

T or F. Activation
- mRNA- template

A

True

239
Q

What is the start codon

A

AUG

240
Q

What is the start amino acid for eukaryote

A

methyionine

241
Q

What start amino acid for prokaryote

A

formylmethionine

242
Q

What are the stop codon

A

UAG
UGA
UAA

243
Q

Base substitution is aka

A

POint mutation

244
Q

What are the tyoe for base substitution (point) mutation

A

Transitional
Transversional

245
Q

Types of frameshift mutation

A

Insertion
Deletion mutation

246
Q

where one base is substituted for another.

A

Base substitution

247
Q

Base substitution can arise from chemical reactions with ____ and ____

A

oxidizing and alkylating agents.

247
Q

base substitution (point mutation is damaged by

A

ultraviolet or x- irradiation

248
Q
  • Purine replaces another purine
  • Pyrimidine replaces another Pyrimidine
A

Transitional (SIS)

249
Q

Eg. 5 – bromouracil
* Thymine analog
* Replace thymine in DNA

A

pyrimidine replaces another pyrimidine :Transitional

250
Q

What are the types of tranversional

A

Silent
missense (different )
Nonsense

251
Q

Purine replaces pyrimidine

A

Transversional

252
Q

It is the result of point mutation

A

Transversional

253
Q

Identify who examples is this
UCA (serine) —> UCU (serine)
UCA (serine) –> ACA(proline)
UCA (serine) –> UAA

A

silent (same)
missesnse (different)
nonsense (stop)

254
Q

where one base is added or removed

A

Frameshift mutation

254
Q

it causes intercalation in the frameshif mutations

A

aromatic compounds: acridines and ethidium bromide

254
Q

what nitrogenous base can be converted to uric acidd

A

Purine either Guanine and adenine

255
Q

What enzyme responsible for the conversion of uric acid –> allantoin ( water soluble )

A

uricase

256
Q

What enzyme responsible for the conversion of purine –> uric acid (gout)

A

Xanthine oxidase

257
Q

what is the end product of purine metabolism in humans

A

uric acid because we dont have allantoin, ony big animals like horses and cows have but we have drugs for this like pegloticase

257
Q

What is an example of human uricase

A

pegloticase

258
Q

What is the MOA of allantoin

A

inhibition of Xanthine oxidase

259
Q

it is also known as Xeroderma pigmentosa

A

children of the night

260
Q

A genetic disease due to defective mechanism of pyrimidine dimers

A

Xeroderma pigmentosa/ chi;dren of the night

260
Q

Excinuclease or UV Specific endonuclease

A

Xeroderma Pigmentosa

261
Q

it protects us from UV rays

A

Excinuclease or UV Specific endonuclease

262
Q

it is also known as Bloom’s Syndrome

A

Congenital Telangietatic Erythema

263
Q

With high frequency of breaks and rearrangements in an affected person’s chromosomes

A

Congenital Telangietatic Erythema

264
Q

It is characterized by short stature, skeletal anomalies, increased incidence of solid tumors and leukemias, bone marrow failure (aplastic anemia), and cellular sensitivity to DNA damaging agents such as mitomycin C.

A

Fanconis anemia

265
Q

Fanconi’s anemia is caused by

A

DNA damaging drugs

265
Q

It is characterized by short stature, skeletal anomalies, increased incidence of solid tumors and leukemias, ____ and cellular sensitivity to DNA damaging agents such as mitomycin C.

A

bone marrow failure (aplastic anemia),

266
Q

Fanoni’s anemia DNA damaging agents such as___

A

mitomycin C.

267
Q

What causes Fanconi’s syndrome

A

ingestion of expired tetracyclines
ingestion of melamine in milk

268
Q

Why does melamine shoud not be present in milk

A

b/c it causes fanconi’s. Usually milk contains high amount of Nitrogen content but too costly so adulterants combined it with melamine to increase the nitrogen content

268
Q

it is the mother of all cell wall

A

Stem cell

268
Q

It is also known as juvenile osteoathritis

A

Lesh nyhan syndrome

269
Q

it is wher ethe stem cell produce

A

bone marrow

269
Q

Fanconi’s syndrome It is a disorder in which the proximal tubular function of the ____is impaired, resulting in decreased reabsorption of electrolytes and nutrients back into the bloodstream.

A

Kidney

270
Q

it is also knwon as juvenile osteoathritis

A

Lesch Nyhan Syndrome

271
Q

Lack of HGPRT causes a build-up of___ in all body fluids, and leads to problems such as severe gout, poor muscle control, and moderate mental retardation, which appear in the first year of life.

A

uric acid

271
Q

Lack of HGPRT causes a build-up of uric acid in all body fluids, and leads to problems such as ____ poor muscle control, and moderate mental retardation, which appear in the first year of life.

A

severe gout

272
Q

Lesch Nyhan Syndrome It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme ____

A

Hypoxanthine guanine phospho-ribosyltransferase (HGPRT).

273
Q

Lack of HGPRT causes a build-up of uric acid in all body fluids, and leads to problems such as severe gout, poor muscle control, and ____ which appear in the first year of life.

A

moderate mental retardation,

274
Q

Angelman syndrome Caused by deletion or silencing of the genes inherited from the __ on the ____

A

mother on the chromosome 15

274
Q

What are the cromosomal abnormalitites: dxs

A

Angelman syndrome
Preder- Willii Syndrome
Blooms Disease

275
Q

Maternal genetic information is silenced

A

Angelman syndrome

276
Q

Caused by deletion or silencing of the genes inherited from the mother on the chromosome 15

A

Angelman Syndrome

277
Q

Caused by deletion or silencing of the genes inherited from the father on the chromosome 15

A

prader Willii syndrome

278
Q

Paternal genetic information is silenced

A

Prader Willii Syndrome

279
Q

aka Prematurely old

A

Progeria

280
Q

It is a hereditary disease
characterized by excessive absorption of
dietary iron resulting in
a pathologic increase in
total body iron stores

A

Hemochromatosis

281
Q

It is a hereditary disease
characterized by
_____resulting in
a pathologic increase in
total body iron stores

A

excessive absorption of
dietary iron

282
Q

aka progeria

A

AKA Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome

283
Q

responsible for the metabolosm of uric acid

A

HGPRT

284
Q

how is progerin produce

A

Lamin A–> progerin

285
Q

Ang namamana sa nanay at tatay is stored in

A

chromosome 15

286
Q

if decrease in iron =

A

IDA

287
Q

if increase in iron

A

Hemochomatosis

TCEP Review (6 decks)

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