Module 2: Biochemistry Part 1 Flashcards
Module 2
1
Q
Carbohydrates: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
* The mono and disaccharides are___ substances
A
white cystalline
2
Q
Carbohydrates:PHYSICALPROPERTIES
* The mono and disaccharides are white crystalline substances; starches are _____ powder
A
amorphous
3
Q
Carbohydrates: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
The mono and disaccharides are white crystalline substances; starches are amorphous powder, while the most complex cellulose is _____
A
fibrous
3
Q
Carbohydrates: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
* Both mono and disaccharides are _____ , while starches and cellulose are tasteless
A
sweet
4
Q
Carbohydrates: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
* Both mono and disaccharides are sweet, while, starches and cellulose are ____
A
tasteless
5
Q
Carbohydrates: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
* Both __, and ____ are sweet, while starches and cellulose are tasteless
A
mono and disaccharides
6
Q
Carbohydrates:
Carbohydrates: CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
* Reducing Power
All mono and disaccharides containing the potentially free aldehyde or ketone group possess ___
A
reducing properties
7
Q
Carbohydrates: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
* Both mono and disaccharides are sweet, while__, and ___are tasteless
A
starches and cellulose
7
Q
Carbohydrates: Chemical Property
All Monosaccharides undergoes this process ___.
A
Mutarotation
8
Q
Carbohydrates: CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
All mono and disaccharides containing the potentially free __ or __ group possess reducing properties
A
aldehyde or ketone
9
Q
Carbohydrates:
Enantiomer:
b. Diastereomer:
c. Epimers:
d. Tautomers: Tautomerization: rapid interconversion of molecule; Ketoenol isomerism
A
10
Q
Carbohydrates:
____ Non-superimposable mirror image and give example
A
Enantiomer
D & L-isomerism
11
Q
Carbohydrates:non-superimposable, not mirror image
A
Diasteriomer
12
Q
Carbohydrates:
Epimers- Glucose vs galactose - epimers at
A
C#4
13
Q
Carbohydrates: -
Epimers: Glucose vs mannose - epimers at ____
A
C #2
14
Q
Carbohydrates:
same in all except 1 Carbon
A
Epimers
15
Q
There is only 1 sugar unit
A
Monossacharide
16
Q
Carbohydrates
_____: rapid interconversion of molecule; Keto-enol isomerism
A
Tautomers
16
Q
Carbohydrates
_____ : rapid interconversion of molecule; Keto-enol isomerism
A
rapid interconversion of molecule; Keto-enol isomerism
16
Q
Simplest and most basic
A
Monossacharide
17
Q
Monosaccharide
According to functional groups:
___ = CARBONYL AT POSITION 1
____= CARBONYL CARBON AT POSITION 2
A
Aldose
ketose
18
Q
Monossacharide can be classified by __, ___
A
According to
- Functional group
- number of carbon atoms
18
Q
Monosaccharide
According to functional groups:
ALDOSE = CARBONYL AT POSITION ___
KETOSE = CARBONYL CARBON AT POSITION ___
A
1
2
19
Q
Other name of Glucose
A
Blood Sugar
Physical sugar
graps sugae
Dextrose
Com Sugar
D-glucopyranose
20
Tautomerization rapid interconversion of molecule;___-
Keto-enol isomerism
21
Provide one example of glucose
aldohexose
22
Most important monosaccharide, and sugar
glucose
23
the science concerned with the chemical basis of life
biochemistry
24
chemical constituents of living cells and with the reactions and processes they undergo.
Biochemistry
24
biomelecule is also known as
biomacromolecule
25
it means life
bios
25
– a general term referring to organic compounds essential to life
Biomolecule
26
it means study of chemicals/matter
chemistry
27
CLiNPharm ang organic compound, mnemonic meanic
the components of organic compounds are carbohydrates
lipids
Nucleic acid
Protein
28
what are the components of organic compound
CLiNPharm anf organic compound
Carbohydrates
lipids
Nucleic acid
protein
29
Celll--> ___, -->___-->___ --> organism
Cell →Tissues →Organs →Organ System →Organism
29
how much is the molecular composition of Water
70-75%
30
How much is the molecular composition of organic molecules (CLiNPharm)
25-30%
31
How much is the molecular composition of inorganic molecules in the cell?
trace elements
32
3NC, meanssss
Nucleus has 4 parts
Nuclear membrane
Nuceloli/ Nucleulus
Nucleoplasm
Chromatin/ chromosomes
32
What are the distinct parts of the cell
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
32
T or F. Biomelecules are organic molecules
True
33
What are the molecular components of cell
Water
organic molecules
Inorganic molecules
33
What are the four parts of the nucleus
3NC
Nuclear membrane
Nuceloli/ Nucleulus
Nucleoplasm
Chromatin/ chromosomes
34
Protects the genetic material : protective covering
Nuclear membrane/ envelope
34
It is the brain of the cell
Nucleus
35
It is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
36
it is the exchange of material between nucleus and rest of the cell occurs through nuclear pores.
Nuclear pores
36
Nuclear membrane is the Main determinant whether the cell is ___, and ____.
EUKARYOTIC or PROKARYOTIC
36
Differentiate prokaryote and eukaryote in terms of
Nucleus
membrane
ribosomal subunit
example
shape of chromosome
Prokarypte
No Nucleus, No NM
No membrane
ribosomal subunit : 30s + 50s = 70s
example: Bacteria, archea, monera
shape of chromosome: DNA: Circular
EUKARYOTE
Has true Nucleus and NM
membrane: MItochondria, Lysosomes, ER, Golgi Apparatus
ribosomal subunit: 40s + 60s = 80s
example: animals, plants, fungi
shape of chromosome
36
Main determinant whether the cell is EUKARYOTIC or PROKARYOTIC
Nuclear membrane/ envelope
37
what is the old term for bacteria
archea
37
30s and 50s what is the meaning for S
SVEDBERG: it is the unit for ribosomal unit
37
buy AT 30, CELL at 50
30s
Aminoglycoside
Tetracyline
50s
Chloramphenicol
erythromycin
Linezolid
Lincomycin
38
A prokaryotic chromosome is usually a circular molecule (an
exception is that of the bacterium _____ which causes ____)
Borrelia burgdorferi,
Lyme disease).
39
it is a bacteria that is prokaryote but has a linear chromosome (eukaryotic feature )
Borrelia burgdorferi
40
Prokaryotes can carry _____called plasmids, which are usually circular
extrachromosomal DNA elements
41
Prokaryotes can carry extrachromosomal DNA elements, called ____
plasmids
42
this is nakahiwalay sa nucleus
plasmids
42
It is the liquid part of the nucleus
Nucleoplasm
43
It contains enzymes involved in the synthesis of DNA and RNA
NUcleoli/ Nucleolus/ Nuclear matrix
44
it is responsible for resistance
plasmids
45
It is the chromosomal DNA
Nucleiod
46
It is also known as Nucleoplasm
Karyoplasm
46
it is a circular, double stranded piece of DNA, NOT surrounded by a nuclear membrane
Nucleoid
46
It is the smaller pieces of DNA
Plasmid
46
It is capable of autonomous or self-regulated replication
Plasmid
47
It is also called Nucleoli (Nucleolus)
Nuclear matrix
47
it is the site of ribosomal assembly
Nucleoli (Nucleolus)
47
at the center of chromosomes is called
centromere
48
It is also called as nuclear matrix.
Nucleoli (Nucleolus)
48
_____ – rod-like involves during cell division
Chromosomes
49
Organized structural unit
Chromatin/ chromosomes
50
_____ – threadlike, cell is not dividing
Chromatin
51
for normal patients how much is the total chromosomes; and pair
46: 23
52
it is the tail of chromosome, what is it called
chromatoids
53
What is the chromosomes of female and male
Female is XX (kase magkakapareho ang ugali ng babae, hahahh)
Male is XY
54
___ are small basic proteins that participate in forming the nucleosomal structure of the chromatin.
Histones
55
Defiency of Don syndrome
they has a 47 chromosome and thrid copy at 21
56
It is also called as Down syndrome
Trisomy 21
57
What is the relationship of chromatin and histones
Chromatin ---> Histones --> chromosomes
58
Cell membrane is aka
plasma membrane/ plasma lemma
59
The outermost structure of the cell that decides its contour is the cell
membrane
cell membrane
60
Components of cell membrane
PGCA
Phospholipid
Glycoprotein/ glycolipid
Cholesterol
arachidonic acid
61
cell membrane is a ____ which means not all can pass through and exit
semipermeable
61
example of eicosanoids
Leukotriene
Thromboxane (TXA2)
Prostaglandin
Prostacyclin (PGI2)
62
It is the major cause of pain and inflammation
Prostaglandin
63
It is the main structural unit of cell membrane
phospholipid
64
it serves as a channel
Glycoprotein/ glycolipid
65
phospholipid
head--
tail --
head--hydrophobic/ lipophilic - polar
tail --- hydropihilic
66
functions as fluidity and consistency of the cell
cholesterol
67
The outermost structure of the cell that decides its contour is the cell
membrane.
cell membrane
68
polyunsaturated FA. 20:4 (5,8,11,14) DOUBLE BONDS
Arachidonic acid
69
explain lamellar theory or unit membrane theory
lamellar theory is that polar heads gets always on the outside while the hydrophilic tail always gets on the inside.
70
It is the precursor of eicosanoid
Arachidonic acid
71
Explain the arachidonic acid pathway??
Arachidonic acid has a subtype which is the Cox and Lox. Cox has 3 eicosanoids (types) namely prostaglandin, Thromboxane, (TXA2), and PGI2 prostaglandin while the lox has a eicosanoids of Leukotriene
72
what is the structural unit of plants
cellulose
73
what is the structural unit of fungi
ergosterol
73
what is the structural unit of bacteria
peptidoglycan - has no cell membrane but has a cell all
74
what is the structural unit of animals
phospholipid bilayer like humans
75
what is the structural unit of exoskeleton of anthropods, lobster and crabs
chitin
76
Differentiate the gram negative and positive peptidoglycan
negative - thin layer of peptidoglycan, has outer membrane
positive- thick layer of peptidoglycan and without membrane
77
what are the components of the cytoplasm
Cytosol
Inclusion
organelles
78
semi-transparent fluid that suspend other elements
cytosol
79
site of GLYCOLYSIS, GLYCOGENESIS, FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS
GGF
Cytosol
80
includes nutrients and cell by-products
inclusion
81
hindi gaano mahalaga, their just kasama
inclusion
82
GGF
cytosol is the site of GGF(glycolysis, glycogenesis, fatty acid synthesis
83
what are the cell cycle (Steps)
interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
84
It is the longest duration during the cell cycle
G1 in the interphase
85
it is also known as S phase
DNA synthesis phase
DNA replicated
86
it is where DNA is replicated
S phase
86
wwhat is included the interphase
G1, S, and G2
87
It is also known as G2 phase
pre-mitosis phase
88
it is the supercoils condensed
G2 phase
88
it is the machinery of mitosis assembled
G2: pre mitosis phase
89
it is the division of nucleus
mitosis
90
It is also known as the g1
growth phase and preDNA phase
91
it is the division of cytoplasm
cytokinesis
92
what happens in MItosis, there is ___
PMAT
prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
93
it is aka metaphase
X alignment
93
it is aka as prophase
Chromosomal (X) formation
94
it is aka Anaphase
X mitigation
95
it is aka telophase
nuclear reconstitution
96
it is the total seeration of nucleus
nuclear reconstitution : Telophase
96
what are the drugs that inhibits the microtubules
griseofulvin
colchicine
vinca
97
it is the hydrates of carbon
carbohydrates
98
What do you call the tiny tubules in the metaphase
microtubules
99
what does animal cell do not possess ehich plant cell possesses
chloroplasts
cell wall
vacoules are larger
100
general chemical formula for carbohydrates
CnH2nOn where n represents the number of carbon
100
carbohydrates is a polyhydroxyl xompounds of ____ and ____
aldehyde and ketone
101
it is the most abundantorganic molecules in nature
carbohydrates
102
monosaccharide and disaccharide are both
crystalline sugar
103
it is the sweetest sugar
fructose
104
oligo and polysaccharide are both
fibrous sugar
105
It is the standard sweet of sugar
Sucrose
105
It is the least sweet sugar
lactose
105
It contains 3-10 monossacharide
oligosaccharide
106
it contains more than 10 monossacharide
polysaccharide
107
it is also known as fibrous sugar
amorphous sugar
108
it is the basic unit of carbohydrates
monossacharide
109
it is also known as the table sugar
Sucrose
110
What is an example of amorphous or fibrous sugar
Starch
111
what is the difference of crystalline and fibrous sugar interms of taste
crystalline - sweet taste
fibrous - tasteless sugar
111
all monosaccharide are ____ while disaccharide are only ____, and ____
reducing sugar
mannose and lactose
112
It is the same molecular formula and structure but different in arrangement
Isomers
113
what is the arrangement of fischer projection
vertical and horizontal arrangement
113
what is the arrangement of Haworth projection
Cyclic arrangement
114
what is the most stable conformation of cyclohexane
Chair conformation
114
how much is the carbon membered ring in furanose and pyranose
Furanose- five C ring
pyranose- Six C ring
115
What is the difference between aldose and ketose in terms of carbonyl group
Aldose- C=O is in C1
Ketose - C=O is in C2
116
Glucose is an __hexose
aldohexose
116
It is the most important monosaccharide and sugar
Glucose
116
It is a sugar converted to ATP/Energy
Glucose
117
what is the source of energy ?
1 g lipids: 9kcal
1g carbo: kcal
1 g alcohol: 7 kcal
117
It is the most important monosaccharide
Hexose because its example are glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose
118
type of sugar that does not occur naturally
8Carbon
118
If glucose is high then a patient is suffering from_____ = Low in insulin
Hyperglycemia (Diabetis mellitus)
118
what is the major metabolic pathway of glucose
Glycolysis
119
what is the test for glucose
MOore's test
119
What is the test for frutose
Seliwanoff's test
119
what is the postitive result of Moores test (glucose test)
Caramel
120
Xylose is an aldo____
pentose
121
what is the other name of frucotse
Laevulose
Fruit sugar
122
What is the (+) result of fructose test-Seliwanoff's test
red ppt
123
Galactose is an aldohexose just like
Glucose and mannose
124
other name os wood sugar
Xylose
125
what is the other name for galactose
Brain sugar (galactocerebroside)
126
It is the C4 epimer of glucose
Galactose
127
What is the + results for Mucic acid test - Galactose test
crystal formation
128
Gal --> Glu = C4 epimers
Galactose
129
if galactose accumulates in brain it is called ____ and in the eyes it is called ____
Galactosemia
cataract
130
It is a test for galactose
Mucic acid test
131
Brain is mahilig sa mucic
Mucic acid test is for galactose
132
It is the most reactive test for Ozasone test
mannose
132
It is the C2 epimer of glucose
mannose
133
Mannitol is an mannose and it uses for
Osmotic diuretic For hydrocephalus patient
134
It is the test for mannose
Osazone test
135
What is the + result for Mannose- Osazone test
Needle shaped crystal
136
Ozasone test is aka
Kowarsky
137
Osazone testis not just a test for mannose but also for and their + result
Maltose - sunflower shaped
Lactose - Powder puff shaped
galactose - Rhombic like
138
Important sugar for genetics
formation
Ribose
139
Ribose is a ___
Aldopentose
139
Contained in Simple syrup NF → 85% w/v
Demulcent
140
Glu + Fru
Sucrose
141
It is also known as Maltose
Malt sugar
Beer sugar
142
Glu + Glu
Maltose
143
Give example of glucose unit
Maltose
Trehalose
Cellobiose
144
What is the test for Cellobiose
Tollen's phloroglucinol test
145
If glycosidic bond is alpha and beta where does the bond attached to?
Alpha: baba
Beta: taas
146
If 2 glucose units are maltose, trehalose and cellobiose. then what glycosisc bond and where they come from each
maltose - Alpha 1,4 from malted grain
trehalose - Alpha 1, 1 from fungi (ergot and yeast)
cellobiose - Beta 1, 4 from plants
147
What is the other term for lactose
Milk Sugar
148
Glu + Gal
Lactose
149
Lactulose is produced by the _____ of lactose
Alkaline rearrangement
150
What is the brand name of Lactulose
Duphalac
151
Lactulose yields ___, and ____ upon hydrolysis
fructose and galactose
151
Lactulose yields fructose and galactose upon ____
hydrolysis
151
Bacteria in the colon metabolize the disaccharide to acetic acid and lactic acid, and sufficient accumulation of these irritating acids cause a ____
laxative effect
152
Gal +Glu + Fru
Raffinose
153
Glu +GLu + Glu
Maltotriose
154
Glu + Fru + Gal
Sucralose
154
Glu + Glu+ Fru
Gentiaose
155
What are the examples of oligosaccharide
Raffinose
Maltotriose
Sucralose
Gentiaose
156
The only example of tetrasaccharide
Stachyose
156
2 gal + 1 Glu + 1 fru
Stachyose
157
Polysaccharide are divided into 2 namely
Homoglycans 1 component and heteroglycans 2 component
158
example of homoglycan (1 component ) and what are their differents among them
Starch - glucose
Glycogen
Inulin - the only fructosan among them
Dextrin - glucosan/ glucan
Cellulose - glucosan/ glucan
158
Examples of Heteroglycan ( 2 or more components )
Gums
Mucilage
Indian gum
Karaya
agar
159
Temporary storage form of photosynthetic products in plants
Starch
159
Most widely distributed organic compound in plants
Starch
160
What are the enzymes that breakdown starch : and where they can be found (what organ)
ENZYMES that breakdown starch:
* B-amylase – pancreatic juice and saliva
* A-amylase – hydrolyzes it to maltose
161
It is the biomarker for pancreatic dx
Alpha amylase beacause it is seen in pancreas alone while beta amylase is seen in both pancreas and saliva
162
SaliBa Pa
ENZYMES that breakdown starch:
* B-amylase – pancreatic juice and saliva
163
Starch
Differentiate amylose and amylopectin. Based on their
- Structure
- composition
- linkage
- sollubility
- (+) result when added to iodine
AMYLOSE
- Structure= LINEAR
- composition= 250 TO 300 D GLUCOPYRANOSE UNITS
- linkage = ALPHA 1,4 GLYCOSIDIC BOND
- sollubility = MORE SOLLUBLE IN WATER
- (+) result when added to iodine = DEEP BLUE COMPLEX
AMYLOPECTIN
- Structure = BRANCHING EVERY 25 UNITS
- composition = 1,000 OR MORE GLUCOSE UNITS
- linkage = ALPHA 1,4 ALPHA 1,6 BRANCH
- sollubility = LESS SOLLUBLE IN WATER
- (+) result when added to iodine = BLUE VIOLET OR PURPLE
164
Examples of Polysaccharide
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Inulin
165
Major form of store cRBOHYDRATES IN ANIMALS
Glycogen
166
Glycogen is glycosodically bonded to
alpha 1,4 and alpha 1-6 every 8-10 units
166
Cellulose is glycosidically bonded to every
Beta 1,4 glycosodic bond
167
It is a diagnostic agent for kidney fxn
Inulin
168
It is the only fructan or fructosan in Polysaccharide
Inulin
169
It measure the gromelular filtration rate
Inulin- Kidney function
169
PaPaNan Na?
The fundamentals Components of Nucleic acid
Phosphate group
Pentose sugar
Nitrogenous base
169
If CHO is CnH2nOn= Carbohydrates
CHON
CHONP
CHON= PROTEIN
CHONP= Nucleic acid
170
These are polymers of nucleotides
Nucleic acid
171
Composed of DNA and RNA
Nucleic acid
172
What are the fundamental Components:
CHONP
1. Pentose Sugar
2. Phosphate Group
3. Nitrogenous Base
173
Elemental composition of Nucleic acid
Carbohydrates
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphate
174
It is a large molecular wt. compounds composed of many repeating subunits
Polymer
175
Example of polymer
Nucleic acid
Carbohydrates
176
It is a repeating subunit
monomer
177
how to differentiate the guanine and adenine
Adenine - is Alang Oxygen but Amino group lang
Guanine - has double bnd oxygen in its structure
177
It is responsible for the acidic character of Nucleic acid
Phosphate group
177
PyrCUT-S
Pyrimidine
Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine
Six Carbon membered ring
178
only be seen in RNA
Only be seen in DNA
Uracil
Thymine
178
How to differentiate Cytosine Thymine and Uracil structure
Cytosine- has 1 oxygen Thymine- 2 Oxgen with methyl
Uracil- 2 oxygen without methyl
179
Example of pentose sugar, and waht is their difference
2 Deoxyribose has h in C2
Ribosehas OH in C2
179
____ for purine and
_____ for pyrimidine
osine
idine
179
Differentiate DNA and RNA
- spell out
- strand
- Sugar
Nitrogenous base
DNA
- spell out = DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
- strand = DOUBLE STRAND
- Sugar= DEOXYRIBOSE
Nitrogenous base=
GUANINE
ADENINE
CYTOSINE
THYMINE
RNA
- spell out = RIBONUCLEIC ACID
- strand= SINGLE
- Sugar= RIBOSE
Nitrogenous base=
GUANINE
ADENINE
CYTOSINE
URACIL
179
named by changing the nitrogen base ending to
Nucleoside
179
it is aka nucleoside phosphate
nucletide
179
Pentose sugar + Nitrogenous base
Nucleoside
180
T or F. Nucleoside is the same as nucleotide
No because Side has only P and N while tide has PPN
180
Puro 9 ni PurGA
Purine has a 9 carbon membered ring and its example are
Guanine
Adenine
180
What is the structural organization of Nucleic acid
primary
Secondary
Tertiary
181
named using the name of the nucleoside followed by ___
nucleosite
182
What bond does base to base binds
Hydrogen bonds
182
Structural organization: Nucleic acid
hat is their difference or unique characteristics
Primary
Secondary
tertiary
Primary -- sequence of the nucleotide
Secondary -- helical structure : Stabilized by H – bond
Tertiary--- supercoiling, it is a stabilization
183
What is the bond that pentose to phosphate binds
Phosphoester bonds
184
What bond does nucletide and nucleotide binds
Phosphodiester bond
184
What does Phospjodiester bond binds
nucleotide to nucleotide
185
What is the primary bond that carbohydrates
glycosidic bond
185
in terms of complimentarity, what does Cytosine and adenosine binds to
If DNA
C-G
T-A
RNA
C-G
A-U
186
Base pairs: What is the difference between major groove and minor groove
Major groove - binded by 2 bonds
Minor groov- binded bye 3 binds
187
Nagrevieww ako ng Major but 2 lang nakuha
while others nag revieww ng minor but marami parin nakuha
Major groove - binded by 2 bonds
Minor groov- binded bye 3 binds
188
What is the primary bond of all nucleic acid
Phophoiester bond
188
Wooble hypothesis. The movement of this first base allows for _______ with the last base of the codon, the 3’ base of the codon.
nontraditional base pairing
188
Base from base pairs, What does base pairs is the major and minor groove
Adenine and Thymine = Major groove
Cytosine and Guanine = Minor groove
189
In lay man's term, what is wooble hypotheisis
In every codon, if the last pair of codon doesnt match its true base pair, it is called wooble
189
The movement of this first base allows for nontraditional base pairing with the last base of the codon, the 3’ base of the codon. This movement is called ____
Wooble
190
It allows a single tRNA to recognize more than one codon.
Wooble Hypothesis
191
In the chains, each end of the helix contains the 5' end of one strand and the 3' end of the other.
Antiparallelism
192
Several codons may code for the same amino acid
degeneracy of the genetic code
like 1 amino acid = 6 codons
193
Breakage of Hydrogen bonds through INC in Melting and Temperature
Denaturation
194
It is also known as Denaturation
loss of 3D structure
194
What is the other term for
Replication
Transcription
Translation
Replication - DNA synthesis
Transcription - RNA Synthesis
Translation- Protein synthesis
194
is it denaturation a reversible?
Yes because of Renaturation
194
it is affected by dentauration
secondary helical structure because it was stabilized by H bond
195
Reforming of nucleic acid
renaturation
196
It is also known as renaturation
Annealing
197
where does replication happens
Nucleulus
198
Where does Transcription and translation happens
Transcription- Nucleulus
translation- ER or rough ER
199
what are the steps in replication
Initiation
Priming
Poymerization
200
It creates template RNA prime for each strand
Primase
200
It opens the DNA double helix
Helicases
201
It proofread the template in the DNA
DNA polymerase III
202
it synthesize DNA in a 5'---- 3' direction
Polymerization
203
Part in in the replication that is magaling lang sa una
DNA polymerase III
203
in the polymerization process there is new and old strand created, specifically what are they?
leading strand
new: lagging strand has paces
204
it is the spaces in the lagging strand
Okazaki fragment
205
___ removes the RNA primer and fills the gaps between Okazaki fragments
DNA polymerase I
206
joins the DNA fragments of the lagging strand, creating a single DNA molecule.
DNA ligase
207
Relieves the stress generated by the unwinding of DNA (supercoiling)
Topoisomerases
208
Modify the newly synthesize DNA
Topoisomerases
209
DNA gyrase is targeted by
Quinolones
210
fxn: Unzipping the helix
Helicase
211
fxn: synthesizing RNA primer
pimase
212
fxn: adding bases to the new DNA chain: proofreading the chain for mistakes
DNA polymerase III
212
Topoisomerases type II is aka
DNA gyrase
213
Removing RNA primer, replacing gaps between Okazaki fragments with correct nucleotides, repairing mismatched bases
DNA polymerase I
214
fxn: Final binding of nicks in DNA during synthesis and repair
LIgase
215
fxn: supercoiling
Gyrase
216
has a unique left– handed helical structure, which is most stable in vitro during methylation or negative supercoiling
Z DNA
217
what are the DNA forms and what are their differences in terms of handed
Z DNA- LEFT HANDED
B DNA- RIGHT HANDED
A DNA- RIGHT HANDED
217
- less common
- dehydrated B – DNA form
A – DNA
218
____ Two parent strands stay together,and two daughter strands stay together.
Conservative
218
- most common / most abundant
- Described by Watson & Crick using X – ray
diffraction
B DNA
219
___ : parental and daughter material are mixed on eachstrand.
Dispersive
220
____ One parent strand and one daughter strand appear in the final product. New DNA is made by using the original DNA as a template.
Semiconservative:
221
DNA synthesis is _____
Semiconservative
222
- Synthesis of RNA from DNA
- produces the three basic types of RNA:
Transcriptions
Types
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
223
it is a template of protein synthesis
mRNS
224
it is carrier of codons
mRNA
225
it is a sequence of 3 DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds to a specific amino acid
codons
225
contains anti-codon
tRNA
226
it is the site of protein synthesis
rRNA
226
Synthesis of DNA from RNA
reverse transcription
227
Reverse transcription is a process catalyzed by ___
RNA directed DNA polymerase
228
Oncogenic or tumor-producing- RNA
viruses, also known as ___ can synthesize DNA from RNA REVERSE TRANSCRIPTIO
retroviuses
229
which codes for a regulatory protein that binds to the
operator and inhibits transcription
REPRESSOR
229
functioning unit of key nucleotide sequences
producing mRNA.
OPeron
230
___ DNA sequence that enables a gene to be
transcribed.
Promoter
231
which regulates the activity of the structural genes of the operon
Operator
232
Introns is aka
noncoding region
232
Exons is aka
coding region
233
▪ The informational DNA segments that make up genes
Exons
234
The noncoding regions
Introns
235
Before the mRNA molecule leaves th nucleus, the nonsense bases that make up the introns are cut out and the informationally useful exons are joined together. == ___
RNA splicing
236
Before the mRNA molecule leaves th nucleus, the nonsense bases that make up ___ and the informationally useful ____together. == RNA Splicing
the introns are cut out
exons are joined
237
What are the steps in Translation
Activation
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
238
T or F. Activation
- mRNA- template
True
239
What is the start codon
AUG
240
What is the start amino acid for eukaryote
methyionine
241
What start amino acid for prokaryote
formylmethionine
242
What are the stop codon
UAG
UGA
UAA
243
Base substitution is aka
POint mutation
244
What are the tyoe for base substitution (point) mutation
Transitional
Transversional
245
Types of frameshift mutation
Insertion
Deletion mutation
246
where one base is substituted for another.
Base substitution
247
Base substitution can arise from chemical reactions with ____ and ____
oxidizing and alkylating agents.
247
base substitution (point mutation is damaged by
ultraviolet or x- irradiation
248
* Purine replaces another purine
* Pyrimidine replaces another Pyrimidine
Transitional (SIS)
249
Eg. 5 – bromouracil
* Thymine analog
* Replace thymine in DNA
pyrimidine replaces another pyrimidine :Transitional
250
What are the types of tranversional
Silent
missense (different )
Nonsense
251
Purine replaces pyrimidine
Transversional
252
It is the result of point mutation
Transversional
253
Identify who examples is this
UCA (serine) ---> UCU (serine)
UCA (serine) --> ACA(proline)
UCA (serine) --> UAA
silent (same)
missesnse (different)
nonsense (stop)
254
where one base is added or removed
Frameshift mutation
254
it causes intercalation in the frameshif mutations
aromatic compounds: acridines and ethidium bromide
254
what nitrogenous base can be converted to uric acidd
Purine either Guanine and adenine
255
What enzyme responsible for the conversion of uric acid --> allantoin ( water soluble )
uricase
256
What enzyme responsible for the conversion of purine --> uric acid (gout)
Xanthine oxidase
257
what is the end product of purine metabolism in humans
uric acid because we dont have allantoin, ony big animals like horses and cows have but we have drugs for this like pegloticase
257
What is an example of human uricase
pegloticase
258
What is the MOA of allantoin
inhibition of Xanthine oxidase
259
it is also known as Xeroderma pigmentosa
children of the night
260
A genetic disease due to defective mechanism of pyrimidine dimers
Xeroderma pigmentosa/ chi;dren of the night
260
Excinuclease or UV Specific endonuclease
Xeroderma Pigmentosa
261
it protects us from UV rays
Excinuclease or UV Specific endonuclease
262
it is also known as Bloom’s Syndrome
Congenital Telangietatic Erythema
263
With high frequency of breaks and rearrangements in an affected person's chromosomes
Congenital Telangietatic Erythema
264
It is characterized by short stature, skeletal anomalies, increased incidence of solid tumors and leukemias, bone marrow failure (aplastic anemia), and cellular sensitivity to DNA damaging agents such as mitomycin C.
Fanconis anemia
265
Fanconi's anemia is caused by
DNA damaging drugs
265
It is characterized by short stature, skeletal anomalies, increased incidence of solid tumors and leukemias, ____ and cellular sensitivity to DNA damaging agents such as mitomycin C.
bone marrow failure (aplastic anemia),
266
Fanoni's anemia DNA damaging agents such as___
mitomycin C.
267
What causes Fanconi's syndrome
ingestion of expired tetracyclines
ingestion of melamine in milk
268
Why does melamine shoud not be present in milk
b/c it causes fanconi's. Usually milk contains high amount of Nitrogen content but too costly so adulterants combined it with melamine to increase the nitrogen content
268
it is the mother of all cell wall
Stem cell
268
It is also known as juvenile osteoathritis
Lesh nyhan syndrome
269
it is wher ethe stem cell produce
bone marrow
269
Fanconi's syndrome It is a disorder in which the proximal tubular function of the ____is impaired, resulting in decreased reabsorption of electrolytes and nutrients back into the bloodstream.
Kidney
270
it is also knwon as juvenile osteoathritis
Lesch Nyhan Syndrome
271
Lack of HGPRT causes a build-up of___ in all body fluids, and leads to problems such as severe gout, poor muscle control, and moderate mental retardation, which appear in the first year of life.
uric acid
271
Lack of HGPRT causes a build-up of uric acid in all body fluids, and leads to problems such as ____ poor muscle control, and moderate mental retardation, which appear in the first year of life.
severe gout
272
Lesch Nyhan Syndrome It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme ____
Hypoxanthine guanine phospho-ribosyltransferase (HGPRT).
273
Lack of HGPRT causes a build-up of uric acid in all body fluids, and leads to problems such as severe gout, poor muscle control, and ____ which appear in the first year of life.
moderate mental retardation,
274
Angelman syndrome Caused by deletion or silencing of the genes inherited from the __ on the ____
mother on the chromosome 15
274
What are the cromosomal abnormalitites: dxs
Angelman syndrome
Preder- Willii Syndrome
Blooms Disease
275
Maternal genetic information is silenced
Angelman syndrome
276
Caused by deletion or silencing of the genes inherited from the mother on the chromosome 15
Angelman Syndrome
277
Caused by deletion or silencing of the genes inherited from the father on the chromosome 15
prader Willii syndrome
278
Paternal genetic information is silenced
Prader Willii Syndrome
279
aka Prematurely old
Progeria
280
It is a hereditary disease
characterized by excessive absorption of
dietary iron resulting in
a pathologic increase in
total body iron stores
Hemochromatosis
281
It is a hereditary disease
characterized by
_____resulting in
a pathologic increase in
total body iron stores
excessive absorption of
dietary iron
282
aka progeria
AKA Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome
283
responsible for the metabolosm of uric acid
HGPRT
284
how is progerin produce
Lamin A--> progerin
285
Ang namamana sa nanay at tatay is stored in
chromosome 15
286
if decrease in iron =
IDA
287
if increase in iron
Hemochomatosis
