Module 1.2: Inorganic Chemistry Flashcards
Lecture by Nhemia Dolojo, RPh
- it is the study of all elements under periodic table and its compound
Inorganic chemistry
- Describes the characteristics of substances obtained from non-living matter and minerals.
Inorganic chemistry
differentiate of organic and inorganic
Composition
C, H, O
All except carbon
differentiate of organic and inorganic
Bonding
Covalent
Ionic
differentiate of organic and inorganic:
Physical caharacteristics
Organic : Volatility : Volatile
Conduct heat and electricity Bad conductors
Inorganic:
Non- volatile
Good conductor
differentiate of organic and inorganic:
Melting point and boiling point
Low b/c volatile
High, bc non volatile
differentiate of organic and inorganic:
Sollubility
- Insoluble in water
- Highly soluble in organic solvents (Alcohol, ether, oil, benzene)
- Soluble in water
- Insoluble in organic compounds
differentiate of organic and inorganic:
Color
Colorless
Colorfull
Which of the following is used to prevent tooth decay?
A.Acetates C. Bromides
B.Citrates D. Fluorides
Flourides
Group 1A
Alkaline Metals
Groups IIA
Alkali Earth metals
Group IIIA
Boron Group
Group IVA
Carbon Group
GroupVA
Nitrogen Group
Group VIA
Oxygen group
Group VIIA
Halogens
Group 0 or
Group VIIIA
Group IB
Coinage Metals
Group IIB
Volatile Metals
Group IIIB
Scandium subgroup
Group IVB
Titanium subroup
Group VB
Vanadium subroup
Group VIB
Chromium subgroup
Group VIIB
Manganese subgroup
Group VIIIB
Iron Triad (1st triad, Light Triad, Heavy Triad
Group 0 or Group VIIIA
Noble gases/ inert gases/ Stable
◼ Most reactive of all the metallic elements
Hydrogen
Most abundant element in the universe
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is differentiated by using
using HCl acid
Hydroxides give ___- sol’ns
alkaline
◼ Lightest and MOST ABUNDANT element in the Universe
Hydrogen
2nd is Helium
Hydrigen is ◼ Discovered by: _____
Henry Cavendish
What are the preparation of Hydrogen
Messerchmidt Process
Lane Process
Electrolysis
Messerchmidt Process
Lane Process
Electrolysis
Messerchmidt Process- Produces 99.9% H2 = Blue water gas
◼Lane Process- Produces H2 from redox of Iron
◼Electrolysis- from water
What are the 3 isotopes of Hydrogen
Protium
Deuterium
Tritium
Most abundant isotope
- most common
- most stable
Protium
Heavy isotope of hydrogen
- D20, meaning Heavy water
Deuterium
Radioisotope
- heaviest isotope of hydrogen
Deuterium
What are the industrial uses of Hydrogen
Haber process- produces Ammonia
Hydrogen oil - Margarine
Inflating balloon - no longer use
It is also known as Hydrogen
Inflatable air
It is also known as water
UNiversal solvent
it iss an organism found in water
coliform organism
If atomic number increases; it also increases the
Activity
alkalinity
Degree of solvation
Possible role of hydrogen
◼ Solvent
◼ ligand
◼ acid/base
◼ oxidizing agent
Hydrogen :
Classification based on parameters and its two types
Suitability for drinking
◼ Non Potable
◼ Potable- fit for drinking
Hydrogen
◼ Classification parameter: Hardness
soft water
hard water
- water with minimal or no dissolved inorganic ions
Soft water
- high amount of Ca and Mg ions
Hard water
◼Hard water - high amount of ___
Ca and Mg ions
◼Contains mainly dissolved calcium and magnesium bicarbonate:____
temporary Hard Water
◼Contains mainly dissolved ____ and ____ Temporary hard water
calcium and magnesium bicarbonate:
Water softening method for temporary Hard water
Boiling water
◼Lime (Ca (OH)2)
Contains mainly dissolved calcium and magnesium sulfate and chloride in water :____
Permanent Hard water
Contains mainly dissolved ____, ___, and ___ in water :Permanent Hard water
calcium and magnesium sulfate and chloride
Water softening method: permanent hard water
___
◼Ion exchange resin method
water associated when crystals precipitate from aqueous solution
Water for crystalization
water associated with cations and/or anions of a salt in solution or crystal
Water for hydrations
physically held water
Zeolitic Water
water coordinated in a cationic complex or held in a definite lattice structure of the crystals
Lattice water
contain appreciable quantities of Na2SO4, MgSO4 and NaHCO3
Alkaline Water
- contains CO2 under pressure and usually effervesce on coming to the surface
Carbonated water
- contain calcium and magnesium carbonates in solution as bicarbonate
Carbonated water
- can be natural or artificial
Carbonated water
- Contains iron in solution or in suspension
Chalybate water
- Characterized by its ferruginous taste
Chalybate water
- Forms ferric hydroxide or ferric oxide upon exposure to air
Chalybate water
- contain appreciable quantities of lithium, either ascarbonate or chloride
Lithia water
Contain relatively high amounts of MgSO4, Na2SO4 and NaCl
Saline Water/ Purgative Water
Contains dissolved H2S and deposit S upon exposure to the atmosphere
Sulfur Water
Water that contain soluble alkali silicates
Siliceous Water
Contains Barium Hydroxide salt
Barita Water
◼ Most widely used
and Not used in parenterals
Purified water
◼ Solvent for parenteral products
◼ Pyrogen free
◼ Large scale
◼Water for injection
◼ Extemporaneous compounding small scale compounding
◼Sterile water for injection
◼ SWFI + 1 or more antimicrobial agent
◼Bacteriostatic Water for Injection
◼ANtimicrobial agent: Benzyl acohol but it is not suitable for babies, so it is used by the mother for the benefit of the baby.
◼Bacteriostatic Water for Injection
Benzyl alcohol is not suitable for babies so given to the mother because it can cause
Gasping syndrome
It is the best expectorant for water
Pure steam
◼ Oxygenated acid
◼ oxygenated water
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
◼ Agua oxigenada
◼ agua oxenada
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Commercial availability of Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
◼10% vol sol= 3% H2O2 per 100 mL water or 3% w/v
◼20% vol sol = 6% w/v
Hydrogen peroxide is use for the tx of
Vincent Stomatitis
Cosmetics use of Hydrogen peroxide
Bleaching agent
S/E of Hydrogen peroxide
Black hairy tongue
◼Hydrogen peroxide Topical solution, USP
Stabilized aqueous solution:_____
available as ____
Stabilizer:____
◼Hydrogen peroxide Topical solution, USP
Stabilized aqueous solution:3 %w/v available as 10-volume solution
Stabilizer: acetinide 0.03%
Lithos means
earth
Lithium is the ligthest
Metal
Highly reactive
Lithium
Lithium
◼ Discovered by:
Arfendson
Lithium storage
◼ Storage: under coated with petrolatum, b/c highest reactive
Bridge element of Lithium
Mg
Flame color: LLITHIUM
◼ Non-luminous: ____
◼ Cobalt Glass: ___
carmine red
Purple
uSE OF lITHIUM
diuretic
mood stabilizer
sodium antagonist
DoC of Mania
S/E:Lithium
Diuretic _____
Mood stabilizer_____
◼ Diuretic
◼ S/E: Hypoglycemia
: Hyponatremia
◼ Mood stabilizer: antidepressants
◼ S/E: sedation
C/I : Lithium
pregnant
: Lithium C/I to pregnant because it can cause
causes: ebstain anomaly, a baby disorder. It has a very narrow therapeutic index.
Lightest element in the universe
Hydrogen
Increase Na =____-
Decrease Na =_____
decrese Li effect
increase Li effect (toxicity)
type of Lithium
◼ Reducing Agent
Lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4)
Lithium bromide
(LiBr) is used as (Old use)
◼Use: Depressant (old)
Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3 )
◼ Capsule:____
◼ Tablet ____
◼Extended release- tablet____
◼ Capsule: Eskalith
◼ Tablet Lithase
◼Extended release- tablet: Quilonome-R
Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3 Use:
◼Prophylaxis and treatment of___
◼ Prophylaxis and treatment of: Bipolar disorder
◼ Last line therapy for mania:
Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3
Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3: ADR: _____
◼ Polyuria: increase in urination
Lithium chloride ( LiCl
uses
◼ ppt: RNA cellular extracts
◼ Lithia water = Mineral water + LiCl + Li2CO3 (Li carbonate)
Its use is Manufacture ceramics
Lithium fluoride ( LiF )
lithium that Absorbs Carbon dioxide
Lithium hydroxide (LiOH)
◼ Use: alternative for space flight
Lithium hydroxide (LiOH)
Lithium oxide (Li2O ) is also known as
lithia
◼ Use: flux in ceramic glazes
Lithium oxide (Li2O )
Lithium stearate (LiC18H35O2)
◼ Lithalure
◼ Litholite
◼ Stavino
Lithium stearate (LiC18H35O2)
Uses:
◼ Lubricant -
◼ Cosmetics
◼ Plastics
powder metallurgy
Uses:
◼ Lubricant - powder metallurgy
◼ Cosmetics
◼ Plastics
Lithium stearate (LiC18H35O2)
What type of water contains mainly dissolved bicarbonate ?
A. Soft water C. Temporary water
B. Hard water D. Permanent water
Temporary water
◼6th Most abundant element in Earth’s Crust
Sodium
◼ Most ABUNDANT EExtracellular cation
Sodium
Na+ is the Cation of choice for ___
organic medical
Na+
◼ Storage: ___
◼ Causes:___
◼ Storage: Kerosene
◼ Causes: H2O retentiom
◼ Na+ regulation: ____
◼ Na+ regulation: Aldosterone (Zinc acetate, Mg acetate, Cobalt uranyl acetate)
Na+
◼ Forms Insoluble salts with ____
◼ Forms Insoluble salts with Triple Acetate
Na+
◼ Flame Color:
◼ Non luminous: __
◼ Cobalt glass: ___
◼ Flame Color:
◼ Non luminous: Golden Yellow
◼ Cobalt glass: Nil
◼ Water soluble compounds are collectively called: ___
Soda
Also known as Sodium
Natrium
Sodium acetate (NaCH3COO) is aka
Sodium Ethanoate
Sodium acetate (NaCH3COO)
◼ Uses:
◼ Diuretics
◼ Urinary and systemic alkalizer- Tx: ___ and ___
◼ Antacid
◼ Alkalinizing agent in: ___
◼ Uses:
◼ Diuretics
◼ Urinary and systemic alkalizer
◼ Tx: metabolic acidosis
: Hyponatremia
◼ Antacid
◼ Alkalinizing agent in: Benedicts solution
◼ Uses: Antioxidant
◼ Vitamin C supplement
Sodium ascorbate (NaC6H7O6)
SODIUM BICARBONATE (NaHCO3)
◼ Production: ____
Solvay Process
2nd Major Extracellular anion
SODIUM BICARBONATE (NaHCO3)
SODIUM BICARBONATE (NaHCO3) is aka
baking soda
SODIUM BICARBONATE (NaHCO3)
◼ Uses:
◼ systemic alkalizer
◼ physiological buffer
◼ Carbonating agent
◼ systemic antacid- S/E: _____ —-> ____
◼ Antidote for: ____
◼ Effervescent salt
◼ Uses:
◼ systemic alkalizer
◼ physiological buffer
◼ Carbonating agent
◼ systemic antacid- (S/E: systemic alkalosis –> reboumd hyperacidity
◼ Antidote for: water solluble zinc salts
◼ Effervescent salt
Sodium Bicarbonate one use is Effervescent salt
◼ Composition:: effervescent salt
__-, __, ___
◼ Na bicarbonate
◼ Citric acid: sticky mixture
◼ Tartaric acid: loose granule that crumble
It is the use of the Sodium bicarbonate that mask the bitter taste of drugs
Effervescent salt
Suli Bio
Sulfate in Bicarbonate out
type of sodium that is used as ◼ Reducing agent
◼ H2) soluble agenT
Sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
◼ Aka:
◼ Na2CO3 (anhydrous): __
◼ Na2CO3 *2H2O: __
◼ Na2CO3 *10H2O: __
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
◼ Aka:
◼ Na2CO3 (anhydrous): Soda ash
◼ Na2CO3 *2H2O: Trona
◼ Na2CO3 *10H2O: Washing soda, sol soda, soda crystal
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
◼ Uses:
◼ Antacid
◼ Carbonating agent
◼ Manufacture:___
◼ Saponifying agent
◼ 1std: aqueous:___
◼ Uses:
◼ Antacid
◼ Carbonating agent
◼ Manufacture: Soda lime (Calcium Hydroxide, Sodium Hydroxide, Potassium Hydroxide) nakakaloka ang soda lime
◼ Saponifying agent
◼ 1std: aqueous:Acidimetry
Preparation of dosium carbonate
Preparation: Salvay process
Na2CO3
Loss of water of crystallization
fluorescence
Sodium chloride (NaCl is aka
◼ Rock salt
◼ Soler salt
◼ Table salt
◼ Sea salt
◼ Dendritic salt
◼ Halite
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
◼ Uses:
◼ Preservative
◼ Condiment
◼ Tx: ___
◼ Electrolyte replenisher
◼ Vehicle:
Iodism
Uses:
◼ Preservative
◼ Condiment
◼ Tx: Iodism
◼ Electrolyte replenisher
◼ Vehicle:
Sodium chloride (NaCl
Sodium chloride (NaCl is used as vehicle
◼ Vehicle:
◼ NSS___
◼ Ringer’s solution:___
◼ Lactated Ringer’s solution: ___
◼ Darrow solution: ___
◼ Ophthalmic preparation: .Notice a ____ but a ___relief- (a)Hypertonic NACl solution- Temporary relief of corneal edema (b)Isotonic ___ for eye during surgery
◼ Oral preparation- Oral Rehydration Salts, USP for ____
◼ Inhalation/Nasal Products
◼ Vehicle:
◼ NSS:0.09% NaCl (Normal Saline solution)
◼ Ringer’s solution: .NaCl, KCl, CaCl, in Water for injection
◼ Lactated Ringer’s solution: .Ringers + Na Lactate
◼ Darrow solution: .NaCl + KCl + Na lactate
◼ Ophthalmic preparation: .Notice a treatment but a temporary relief (a)Hypertonic NACl solution- Temporary relief of corneal edema
(b) Isotonic irrigating solution for eye during surgery
◼ Oral preparation- Oral Rehydration Salts, USP for severe diarrjea
◼ Inhalation/Nasal Products
Sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7):
Use:
◼ In vitro:
◼ Chelates Ca2+ ion . —-> ____
◼ Sequestrant in:. ____
◼ In vivo:
◼ Parenteral: ___
◼ systemic and urinary alkalizer
◼ Expectorant
◼ Laxative
Use:
◼ In vitro:
◼ Chelates Ca2+ ion . —-> anticoagulant
◼ Sequestrant in:. Benedicts sol’n
◼ In vivo:
◼ Parenteral: .Blood coagulant
◼ systemic and urinary alkalizer
◼ Expectorant
◼ Laxative
Sodium fluoride (NaF)
◼ as a reagent:.___
◼Chronic ingestion: ___
Sodium fluoride (NaF)
◼ as a reagent:.very coroisive
◼Chronic ingestion: .motted enamel
Sodium fluoride (NaF)
Uses:
◼ ____ in dentifrices
◼Replaces hydroxyl ion in hydroxyapatite with fluoride to form .______ on ___ surface of enamel. . It promotes bone formation, but toothpaste can not be ingested b/c of dental fluorosive.
Uses:
◼ Anticariogenic in dentifrices
◼Replaces hydroxyl ion in hydroxyapatite with fluoride to form .fluoroapatite on outer surface of enamel. . It promotes bone formation, but toothpaste can not be ingested b/c of dental fluorosive.
Uses:
◼ Anticariogenic in dentifrices
◼Replaces hydroxyl ion in hydroxyapatite with fluoride to form .fluoroapatite on outer surface of enamel. . It promotes bone formation, but toothpaste can not be ingested b/c of dental fluorosive.
Sodium fluoride (NaF)
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
◼ Caustic = __
◼ NaOH =. __
◼ KOH =.___
◼ AgNO3 = ____
◼ Caustic = contains OH
◼ NaOH =. caustic Soda
◼ KOH =.caustic potash
◼ AgNO3 =lunar caustic
◼ Best antidote for: . mercury poisoning
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
◼ aka:
◼ Caustic Soda
◼ Sosa
◼ Soda Lye
◼ Liquid soda
Sodium gluconate
◼ Use:.__
◼Advantage over chloride salts: ___
◼ Use:. electrolyte replenisher
◼Advantage over chloride salts: less irritating
◼ Use:. electrolyte replenisher
◼Advantage over chloride salts: less irritating
Sodium gluconate
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
◼ Characteristics:
◼ Deliquescent
◼ Can cause:. ___ <—- basic sol’n. Acid + necrosis = ___, if –> ____
◼ Antidote:. None
◼ Characteristics:
◼ Deliquescent
◼ Can cause:. liquefactive necrosis <—- basic sol’n. Acid + necrosis = acid necrosis, if –> coagulate necrosis
◼ Antidote:. None
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
◼ Uses:
◼ Saponifying agent (____)
◼ Produces: ____
◼ Necessary in____
◼ Uses:
◼ Saponifying agent
◼Saponification (KOETTSTORFER TEST).
◼ Produces:Hard soap
◼ Necessary in Glycerin supp. preparation
◼ Uses:
◼ oxidizing agent
◼ bleaching agent
◼ Dakin’s solution (chlorox)- Aqueous sol’n:. disinfectant
◼ Modified Dakin’s solution- Diluted sol’n:.antiseptic
◼ Labarraques’s solution.2.5%hypochloride = disinfectant
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)
Sodium lactate
◼ Uses:
◼ Ingredient in ___ aka:.___’s sol’n
◼ Ingredient in ___
◼ Uses:
◼ Ingredient in Lactated Ringer’s Sol’n- aka:.Hartmann’s sol’n
◼ Ingredient in Darrows sol’n
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)
◼ Uses:
◼ oxidizing agent
◼ bleaching agent
◼ __ (chlorox)- Aqueous sol’n:. disinfectant
◼___ - Diluted sol’n:.___
◼ Labarraques’s solution.___ = disinfectant
◼ Dakin’s solution (chlorox)- Aqueous sol’n:. disinfectant
◼ Modified Dakin’s solution- Diluted sol’n:.antiseptic
◼ Labarraques’s solution.2.5%hypochloride = disinfectant
◼ Uses:
◼ Saponifying agent
◼Saponification (KOETTSTORFER TEST). Hard soap
◼ Produces:
◼ Necessary in Glycerin supp. preparation
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
___
◼ Uses:
◼ Ingredient in Lactated Ringer’s Sol’n- aka:.___
◼ Ingredient in Darrows sol’n
Sodium lactate
Hartmann’s sol’n
Sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O)
◼Aka:.
Sodium pyrosulfite
Sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O)
◼ Uses:
◼ water-soluble antioxidant
◼___property
◼___. - wine
◼ Preservative
◼__. For meat
◼ Uses:
◼ water-soluble antioxidant
◼ Antimicrobial property
◼ Fermentation. - wine
◼ Preservative
◼ food bleaching. For meat
◼ Uses:
◼ water-soluble antioxidant
◼ Antimicrobial property
◼ Fermentation. - wine
◼ Preservative
◼ food bleaching. For meat
Sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O)
Sodium Nitrate
(NaNO3)
◼ Aka:
◼.Chile salt peter
◼. Peru salt pete
Sodium Nitrate
(NaNO3)
◼ Uses:
◼___.but also carcinogenic( cancer)
◼___
◼ Uses:
◼ Meat preservative.but also carcinogenic( cancer)
◼ Fertilizer
◼ Uses:
◼ Meat preservative.but also carcinogenic( cancer)
◼ Fertilizer
Sodium Nitrate
(NaNO3)
Sodium nitrite
(NaNO2)
Aka:
Salitre
Sodium nitrite
(NaNO2)
◼ Uses:.
◼ Antidote for:. ___ by:.____
◼ ____ .
◼ Uses:.
◼ Antidote for:. cyanide poisoning- by:.methemoglobinimia
◼ Vasodilator. Lowers BP
◼ Uses:.
◼ Antidote for:. cyanide poisoning- by:.methemoglobinimia
◼ Vasodilator. Lowers BP
Sodium nitrite
(NaNO2)
Used as an antidote for mercury poisoning?
A. Glauber’s salt C. Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate
B. Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate D. Sodium metabisulfite
◼ Uses:
◼ mild disinfectant and deodorant
Sodium perborate
(NaBO2)
SODIUM POLYSTYRENE SULFONATE Brand Name
◼ BN:.kayexalate
SODIUM POLYSTYRENE SULFONATE
◼ Uses:
◼ Cation ___
◼ Tx:.___
◼ Uses:
◼ Cation -exchange resin
◼ Tx:.Hyperkalemia
◼ Uses:
◼ Cation -exchange resin
◼ Tx:.Hyperkalemia
SODIUM POLYSTYRENE SULFONATE
Sodium saccharin.
◼ Uses:
◼____
◼ ID test result: ___
.◼ Uses:
◼ artificial sweetener
◼ ID test result: : Fluorescent green light
.◼ Uses:
◼ artificial sweetener
◼ ID test result:
Sodium saccharin
◼ Use:
◼Tablet disintegrant
Sodium starch glycolate
Sodium starch glycolate Brand name
Explotab
Only reddish metal
Copper
Third most malleable metal
Copper
Thirs Best conductor of heat
Copper
Second best conductor of electricity
Copper
Best conductor of electricity
Silver
Copper toxicity
Wilson’s disease
Antidote of copper toxicity
Penicillamine
Copper deficiency
Menke syndrome
Copper found in
brain
Rbc’s
blood plasma
Cerulocupren
Erythrocupren
Ceruloplasmin