Module 2 (BACTERIA) Flashcards by Valerie Gegrimal

A viscous, gelatinous,polymer that is external to the cell wall which is composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide or borth is called? Also called (sugar coat)

Glycoclayx

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If a substance is organized and firmly attached to the cell wall it is called?

Capsule

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If a substance is unodganized and loosely attached to the cell wall, it is called?

Slime layer

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A glycocalyx made of sugar is called?

Extracellular polysaccharide (eps)

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External structure of bacteria that can be used as nutrition and protection against dehydration?

Glycocalyx

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What do you call the long filamentous appendages used to propel the cells? Composed of flegellin protein.

Flagella

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Arrangements of flagella taht is 1?

Monotrichous

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What do you call the arrangement of flagella that has a tuft at one end?

Lophotrichous

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What do you call the arrangement of flagella that has tuft at both ends?

Amphitrichous

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What do you call the arrangement of flagella that is all around the bacteria ?

Peritrichous

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The basic parts of the flagella?

Filament, hook and basal body

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Cell movement of flagella is by?

Rotating the basal body

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What do you call the movement when bacterium moves in a straight line? ( run or swim)

Counterclockwise

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What do you call the movement of the bacterium that changes direction randomly (tumble)?

Clockwise rotation

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Movement of the bacteria toward or way from a particular stimulus is called?

Taxis

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If the stimuli is chemical it is called?

Chemotaxis

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If the stimuli is light, it is called?

Phototaxis

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If the chemotactic signal is positive it is called?

Attractant

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If the chemotactic signal is negative it is called?

Repellent

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Spiral cells that move by means of an axial filament(endoflagellum) are called?

Spirochetes

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Axial filanents are similar to flagella except that they?

Wrap around the cell

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What do you call the hairlike appendages that are shorter, straighter and thinner than flagella?

Fimbriae and pili

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Fimbriae and pili are consist of proteins called?

Pilin

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The shorter strands are called?

Fimbriae

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Longer strands are called _ becuase they are responsible for dna transfer during conjugation?

Pili, (pilus)

What do you call the structure, from layers of the cell membrane outward including the cell wall, periplasmic space , outer membrane and the capsule?

Cell envelope

What do you call the complex, semi rigid structure responsible for the shape of the cell?

Cell wall

What do you call a structure of the cell wall that is composed of alternating amino sugards like N- acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid?

Polysaccharide

The type of bacteria that has many layers of peptidoglycan which is anchored to the cell membrane by teichoic acid?

Gram positive

Type of bacteria that has 1-2 thin layers of peptidoglycan?

Gram negative

Structure between the cell membrane and cell wall containing enzymes and other proteins is called?

Periplasmic space

The peptidoglycan's outer surface is covered with?

Lipopolysaccharides

Lipopolysaccharide is pierced by protein channels called?

Porins

What do you call the solvent that acts as a decolorizer and dissolves the lipid layer from gram negative?

Ethyl alcohol

This is used to visualize the decolored gram stain, a red counter stain called?

Safranin

Cell membrane is often called?

Plasma membrane

Cell membrane is composed of 2 layers of phospholipids called?

Phospholipid bilayer

Phospholipid have the polar heads and non polar tails. The _ implies that the heads are hydrophilic, meaning they like to stay in an aqueous environment, facing the outside world and the inside of the cell.

Polar

The _ means that the tails are hydrophobic, they want to be away from water, in an oily environment. Tails are in the center of membrane.

Nonpolar

Proteins that are bound to one surface of the membrane are called?

Peripheral membrane proteins

These proteins are embedded in the membrane by one or more stretches of hydrophobic amino acids

Integral membrane proteins

Plasma membrane have selective permeability, small molecules such as h20, co2 and simple sugar can pass but larger molecules cannot

Transport molecules

This occurs at the plasma membranes since bacteria cells have no mitochondrion

Oxidative phosphorylation

Type of passive process that the movementnof molecules is passive if no energy sources of the cell are expanded is called? Molecule gradient from high to low concentration

Simple diffusion

This is mediated by transporter proteins or enzymes if large molecules. Its movement occurs in the presence of a concentration gradient

Facilitated diffusion

This is a type of active process when nutritients are in low concentration. It uses energy (atp) and transporter proteins. It is called?

Active transport

This type of active process is exclusive in prokaryotes. The substance is chemically aktered so the plasma membrane bevomes impermeable. The substance stays inside the cell. This id called?

Group translocation Ex. Glucose

This structure refers to the substance inside the plasma membrane which is made up of ,80% water, nucleoid, ribosomes, plasmid, inclusion, proteind and metabolites. This is called?

Cytoplasm

This structure occupieds 20 percent of the cell's volume in growing bacteria where it contains the bacterial chromosome. This is called?

Nucleoid

This internal structure is smaller,circular extra chromosomal DNA and is most commonly found in gram negative bacteria, contains 50-100 genes . This js called?

Plasmid

What do you call the diffusion of water molecules across the plasma membrane?

Osmosis

Structure which is composed of 2 subunits ( protein) and rRna. The cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells contains 10 thousand of thus structure giving the cell a granular look

Ribosomes

Structure that is reserved deposits in prokaryotic cells is called? Macromolecules in this structure avoid increase in osmotic pressure

Inclusions

Bacteria can be reproduce asexually by?

Binary fission

Bacteria can be reproduce sexually by?

Conjugation

Tranfer of genetic material involving cell to cell contact in bacteria

Conjugation

In gram positive cell produce , causing direct contact of cells

Gram positive cells

In gram negative _ help bring two cells together

Sex pili

What do you call the specialized resting cells formed by gram positive bacteria such as clostridium abd bacillus when essential nutrients are depleted?

Endospores

Endospores returns to its vegetative state by a process called _ which is triggered by phyiscal or chemical damage or coat

Germination

Bacteria shapes are

Coocus, bacillus, sprillum Sphere rod spiral

Helical and flexible body shape of bacteria

Spirochetes

Curve rod shaped or comma shaped

Vibrio

Live on dead organic matter (chemo heterotrophs)

Saprophytes

These organisms require oxygen to live are called?

Obligate aerobes

These organisms can use oxygen when it is present but can still survive through measn of fermentation or anearobic respiration is called?

Facultative anaerobes

These organisms are unable to use molecular oxygen for energy reactions and most are harmed by it are called?

Obligate anaerobes

These organisms cannot use oxygen for growth but they tolerate it fairly well is called

Aerotolerant anaerobes

These organisms require oxygen but grow in concentrations lower than those in air is called?

Microaerophiles

Most bacteria grow best in narrow ph range near neutrality with a ph of?

6.5-7.5

Below ph of 5 (many fungi) are called?

Acidophiles

Above ph of 9 (includes vibrio)

Alkaliphiles

Most pathogens have ph of?

Neutral ph