Module 2 - Avian Urinary System Flashcards
Two types of nephrons
Reptilian and Mammalian
Type of nephron that is not capable of concentrating urine
Reptilian-type nephron
This appears to be a greater capacity system and allows greater blood flow to the kidneys when birds are frightened or are fleeing.
Renal portal system
is located at the juncture of the right and left renal veins and their associated iliac veins
Renal portal valve
The renal portal valves receive both ____________
adrenergic and cholinergic nerve fibers
Sympathetic innervation is stimulatory and results
Valve closure
Engorgement of the renal portal veins is sometimes mistaken for ____________________________ on necropsy examination because of the surface location of these veins.
Perirenal hemorrhage
The avian proximal tubule absorbs about __%
70% of the filtered volume of water
This exists in the peritubular fluid of the medullary cone that is established by the loops of Henle of the mammalian‐type nephrons and maintained by the vasa recta.
Corticomedullary osmotic gradient
All tubular fluid, whether from nephrons of the reptilian or the mammalian type, is exposed to the ________________
Osmotic Gradient
The renal response to the antidiuretic hormone of birds
Arginine Vasotocin
consists of an increased permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
Arginine vasotocin
The hypertonicity is most likely created by __________ from the thick ascending limbs of the loops of Henle.
NaCl transport
Uric acid is formed in what organ of avian
Liver
Reptiles and avians form ________ instead of _______ because these animals develop in egg shells that are impervious to water.
uric acid : urea
Uric acid continues in the tubules in its precipitated form as urate and appears in the urine as a ____________
white coagulum
NaCl and water reabsorption does occur from the _______
ceca
is likely the principal regulator of plasma potassium concentration.
aldosterone
Hormones involved in producing the varied amounts of sodium chloride excreted are
A. angiotensin II, aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic peptide.
B. angiotensin II, vasopressin, and atrial natriuretic peptide.
C. angiotensin I, aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic peptide.
A. angiotensin II, aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic peptide
In mammals, angiotensin II stimulates only _______ and ______
antinatriuresis and antidiuresis.
birds secrete _____________ from the atria of the heart.
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
inhibits phosphate reabsorption and stimulates its secretion
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
assists in the maintenance of an appropriate calcium/phosphorus ratio.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Post‐renal modification of ureteral urine is possible because of its exposure to membranes of the __________
cloaca
Retrograde flow is caused by
reverse peristalsis
how many lobes are there in avian kidney
3 lobes
True or false: avians have loop of henle
False, they don’t have loop of henle
True or false: renal pelvis is absent in avians
True
Avian droppings consists of
Urine, Uric acid, feces
Once the uric acid reaches the
ureters, it will go to the ________ of the cloaca along with the URINE
Urodeum
Part of cloaca that is the reservoir for feces
Proctodeum
refers to an “increased urine output”
Polyuria
means “decreased output”.
Oliguria
is a condition of “no urine output”
Anuria
is the term that is used to denote difficult or painful micturition.
Dysuria
is slow, dropwise, painful discharge of the urine caused by spasm of the urethra and the bladder
Stranguria
