Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is intersectionality?

A

Describes interactions of systems of inequality, power based systems, and life chances. Differences in experiences of marginalized populations. Disadvantage changes as one moves into later age

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2
Q

What is the basis of the modernization hypothesis?

A

Shift from agricultural systems to industrialized economies, and how this changed the status of elders.

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3
Q

What 2 kinds of societies existed during the pre industrial revolution?

A

Hunting and Gathering, and Egrarian.

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4
Q

What was the status of elders in hunting and gathering societies?

A

Elders were a valuable source of knowledge and held power and influence.

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5
Q

What was the status of elders in Egrarian societies?

A

Oldest citizens controlled the land, were family heads, and had the most knowledge about survival, animal care, crops, rituals, and laws.

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6
Q

What happened to the status of elders during the industrial revolution?

A

Shift from rural to urban living, knowledge of elders was no longer needed as we began to get knowledge from technology. The young become knowledgeable, old aren’t needed.

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7
Q

What are the 6 reasons why the modernization hypothesis is criticized, and why there is more to the theory?

A

1) There is considerable heterogeneity in status decline after modernisation- not all places modernised
2) In some pre-industrial societies, status of older people was already lower
3) Continued high status of older people in societies to some degree
4) Alternative reasons for status change in family structure
5) Regional diversity in a felt need to honour and care for one’s parents
6) Other intersecting factors.

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8
Q

What influences the diversity in aging?

A

Social, biological, gender, ethnicity, employment history, etc. Different experiences based on demographics. Social aspects of ageing are not universal.

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9
Q

Are aspects of biological aging considered universal or not?

A

Universal, Every person experiences similar changes to skin, muscle structures and bone density over time.

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10
Q

What is culture?

A

A set of shared social meanings, values, beliefs, norms, customs

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11
Q

What are values?

A

Internalized criteria by which members select and judge goals or behaviours.

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12
Q

What are beliefs?

A

A conception of the world and what is thought to be true.

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13
Q

What are norms?

A

Expected behaviours in specific social situations

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14
Q

What are customs?

A

Typical ways of doingg things.

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15
Q

What do gerontologists use to understand the social aspects of aging?

A

Historical comparison

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16
Q

What must be considered when implementing health policy?

A

Religion, language, and culture. Presents unique challenges for health policy.

17
Q

What is ethnicity?

A

Your place of birth, country(ies) of birth of ones parent,s citizenship, choice of membership (a very ambiguous concept).

18
Q

What are minority groups?

A

Those ethnocultural groups that have not originated in northern and western Europe.

19
Q

What are visible minorities?

A

Non-European and or not white in skin tone- does not include indigenous populations.

20
Q

What are ethnocultural groups and how are seniors treated in these groups?

A

Emphasizing familial ties and familistic values vs individualistic values. Seniors in these societies are more likely to live with their adult children than at a Seniors centre.

21
Q

What is multiple jeopardy theory?

A

There is a compounding of disadvantages associated with age, race, ethnicity and gender. Allows us to separate effects of age from inequality.

22
Q

Why is the multiple jeopardy theory criticized?

A

For the difficulty of measurement, and it may lead us to overlook contributions of ethnic minority seniors.

23
Q

What is buffering theory?

A

A culture that values seniors and provides meaningful roles for them tends to protect them to a degree from losses and social devaluation.

24
Q

What percentage of seniors are not Canadian born and immigrated here in their youth?

A

30%

25
Q

What is the difference in economic security between seniors who moved in childhood and grew old here, versus those who moved during old age?

A

Higher economic security in the former, more time to adapt and get pension.

26
Q

What is the healthy immigrant effect?

A

Tendency for life expectancy and general health to be higher in immigrants than persons born in Canada. Declines based on duration in Canada.

27
Q

Why does the healthy immigrant effect happen?

A

Immigrants are more healthy than those unable to travel due to health problems. Younger immigrants are healthier than older. Self selection: younger individuals are more up for a move than older.

28
Q

What are some healthcare challenges for seniors who immigrate or who are in minority groups?

A

Language barriers, lack of cultural sensitivity, different concepts of disease and treatment. High cost of transportation if out of the city, prescription cost.

29
Q

How did traditional societies get rid of their elders?

A

1) Neglect (not feeding/cleaning until death)
2) Abandonment
3) encourage suicide
4) kill

30
Q

What are the 2 conditions for societies to get rid of their elders?

A

1) Nomadic hunter-gatherers that shift camp

2) societies in marginal/fluctuating environments (arctic/desert = food shortages).

31
Q

How do New Guinea Farming societies and sedentary traditional societies treat their elders?

A

Elders are fed and cared for, remain valuable, live in the same hut near their relatives and friends.

32
Q

Why is there variation between traditional societies (2 reasons)?

A

Usefulness of old people, and societies values.

33
Q

How can older people contribute to society?

A

Are effective food producers, capable of babysitting, tools, weapons, basket making. Are leaders and have knowledge— knowledge can spell the difference between survival and death.

34
Q

What is the idea of Filial Piety in Asia?

A

Confucius. Means obedience, respect, and support for elderly parents.

35
Q

What are age-based allocations of health resources in the USA?

A

Hospital resources are limited and there is a preference to younger over older.

36
Q

What are the 3 reasons elders have low status in the USA?

A

1) Protestant work ethic- high value on work
2) Virtues of self-reliance and independence
3) Cult of youth- young people in advertising.

37
Q

What are 3 ways we can improve the lives of the elderly?

A

1) Grandparents- usefulness, better for childcare, won’t quit this job
2) Older people have value due to their unique experience of living conditions that could possibly return (like Great depression, atomic bombs etc) can help plan for these events
3) Some abilities increase with age. Experience, understanding and helpfulness without an ego.