Module 2 Flashcards
What focuses on the anatomical, chemical, and physiological underpinning of behavior?
Behavioral neuroscience et al. (interchangeable names)
Behavioral neuroscience allows for an integration of information about ____ ____ and the ____ or an organism.
biological processes
behavior
Behavioral neuroscience gives a more complex view of the ____ and ____ of ____ .
why
how
behavior
Who is the foundation of behavioral neuroscience attributed to?
Donald Hebb
What did Hebb say about cells?
Cells that fire together, wire together.
Behavior neuroscience determines how the brain’s ____ parts produce a coherent ____ (a ____ explanation).
components
whole
physiological
Behavioral neuroscience also incorporates explanations of behavior from ____ , ____ ,and ____ perspectives
ontogenetic
evolutionary
functional
The more you get neurons in your brain firing off ____ to each other, the more the ____ will be strengthened, and the easier it will be for you to recall the ____ when necessary.
information
memory
information
The neuronal elements of the nervous system are ____ , ____ , ____ ____ , ____ ____ , and ____ ____. Each of these components has a structure which denotes its ultimate function.
neurons glia ependimal cells blood vessels choroids epithelium
What is morphology?
Structure and content, the study of the forms of things, the branch of biology that deals with the form of living organisms, and with relationships between their structures.
The neuron consists of a ____ ____ , ____ ( ____ and ____ ), and a ____ ____ .
cell body
processes (dendrite and axon)
terminal button
The neuron is a specialized cell that is more ____ than most other cells in the body making them primed for one of their functions: communicating ____ ____ in one direction.
polarized
electrical impulses
Neurons can be categorized by their ____ , ____ , ____ ____ , or ____ .
shape
function
chemical properties
size
Three different morphologies are ____ , ____ , and ____ . The ____ of the component dictates its function.
uni-polar
bi-polar
multi-polar
Shape
The glial components of the nervous system are categorized into two different types:
microglia
macroglia
Macroglia are ____ and ____ cells.
oligodendrocytes and schwann cells
The oligodendroctyes are found in the ____ , are ____ than neurons and contain a large number of ____ ____ . They ____ the myelin sheath.
CNS
smaller
fibrous processes
synthesize
The myelin sheath is an insulation blanket which increases the efficiency of ____ ____ .
neuronal communication
A single oligodendrocytes can provide ____ to a number of different axons.
myelin
The CNS myelin consists of layers of ____ ____ without ____ .
cell membrane
cytoplasm
Schwann cells are found in the ____, are ____ than the neuron, do not have ____ ____ . They ____ the myelin sheath in the ____ .
PNS smaller fibrous processes synthesize PNS
A single schwann cell wraps around a single ____ ____ .
axonal segment
The schwan cell membrane has ____ within it.
cytoplasm
The function of the nervous system component can be derived from its ____ .
morphology
What in a myelinated axon is exceptionally fast and efficient?
propagation of the action potential
Myelinated axons have membrane wrappings ( ____ ____ or ____ ) and booster sites ( ____ of ____ ) which allow for faster conduction of the ____ ____ .
schwann cells or oligodendrocytes
nodes of ranvier
electrical signals
The Nodes of Ranvier are ____ sites due to exceptionally high concentration of ____ + channels.
booster
Na+
Because it is the rapid ____ of ____ ions that triggers the ____ ____ , as it ____ the local cell membrane enough to reach the ____ of excitation. Thus, an ____ is generated at each ____ , propagated along the ____ ____ (beneath the myelin sheath) until it reaches the next ____ . The ____ + channels open and Na+ ions flood in, causing another ____ . The generation of an ____ ____ at each node results in the ____ of the next node.
influx Na+ action potential depolarizes threshold impulse node cell membrane node Na+ impulse action potential depolarization
What is the jumping of the signal from node to node?
Saltatory conduction
The saltatory conduction is an extremely efficient mode of ____ ____ . It allows for axons to be of smaller ____ , more ____ efficient, and ____ .
signal propagation
diameter
energy
faster
How does the neuron switch from electrical propagation of a message (action potential) to a chemical message delivery system (neurotransmitter)?
The axon contains ____ filled with ____ and ____. These vesicles are formed in the ____ on the ____ ____ and are transported along the length of the ____ along ____ . The vesicles, along with many other organelles, catch a ride on motor ____ called ____ . Those ____ carry the vesicles “piggy back” style as they climb down the ____ at a rate of ____ centimeters per day until they reach the ____ ____ .
vesicles neurotransmitters neuropeptides soma Golgi Apparatus axon microtubules proteins kinesins Kinesins microtubule 40 terminal button
When the action potential reaches the terminal button, the ____ are released. This occurs when the ____ of the ____ ____ (remember that the action potential depolarizes the membrane) initiates an opening of ____ -dependent Ca2+ ____ ____ . When they open, Ca2+ pores into the cell due to both the ____ ____ and ____ . The Ca2+ then initiates the ____ of the ____ to the ____ ____ ____ .
vesicles depolarization cell membrane voltage ion channels electrostatic pressure diffusion fusion vesicles presynaptic cell membrane
Where are Ca2+ more concentrated?
outside the cell membrane
The ____ fuse with the ____ ____ and produce a ____ ____ . It is through this ____ that the contents of the ____ are released into the ____ cleft. As the ____ opens, it forms an ____ ____ .
vesicles cell membrane fusion pore pore vesicle synaptic vesicle omega fissure
What does a fused and open vesicle literally look like?
The Greek letter omega
The circular part of the vesicle and the two feet are the ____ ____ ____ .
presynaptic cell membrane
Think of a whitehead pore. The ____ ____ ____ is the skin, the ____ is a pore, the ____ is the pus.
presynaptic cell membrane
vesicle
neurotransmitter
