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Micro Martin > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Entire complement of genes on all chromosomes normally found in an organism

A

Genome

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2
Q

One entire double strand of DNA conataining multiple genes

A

Chromosome

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3
Q

What nucleic acid structure is involved in chromosomes?

A

DNA, RNA is only found in RNA viruses

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4
Q

Segment of DNA that contains the genetic code for a functional product

A

Gene

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5
Q

Total genetic makeup of an organism (potential properties of the cell)

A

Genotype

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6
Q

Actual, expressed properties of an organism

A

Phenotype

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7
Q

What two sugars are involved in nucleic acids?

A

Ribose or Deoxyribose

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8
Q

What is bound the the 5’ carbon of the sugar molecule in DNA?

A

Phosphate group

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9
Q

What’s bound to the 1’ carbon on the sugar molecule?

A

Nitrogenous base

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10
Q

Purine bases

A

Adenine

Guanine

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11
Q

Pyrimidine bases

A

Thymine
Cytosine
Uracil (only in RNA)

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12
Q

What nitrogenous bases bind to each other?

A

Adenine to Thymine (or Uracil)

Cytosine to Guanine

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13
Q

What is the structure of DNA

A

Double helix

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14
Q

What directions do the DNA strands run?

A

Opposite or antiparallel

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15
Q

Which end of the DNA molecule are new nucleotides added to?

A

3’

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16
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

A

Edit for errors

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17
Q

How accurate is DNA polymerase

A

1 error in a billion base pairs replicated

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18
Q

What is the replication fork?

A

The location of unwound DNA helix exposing the separated strands allowing for replication

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19
Q

What enzymes are involved in the unwinding of DNA?

A

Helicase and DNA gyrase

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20
Q

Which direction is the 3’ nucleotide facing on the leading strand?

A

Into the replication fork. Replication is continuous

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21
Q

Which part of the sugar molecule is pointed toward the replication fork on the lagging strand?

A

5’

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22
Q

How does the lagging strand replicate?

A

By replicating short fragments and then connecting them together with DNA ligase

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23
Q

What chemicals are needed for the lagging strand to replicate?

A

RNA primer initiates the growth in the absence of a 3’ binding site
DNA ligase which can connect to both 3’ and 5’ binding sites simultaneously

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24
Q

What term is used to describe the stop and start of replication of the lagging strand?

A

Discontinuous

25
Q

When the entire chromosome is copied, each double helix consists of one newly synthesized strand of DNA bound to one original parent strand

A

Semiconservative replication

26
Q

Large, single stranded molecule of nucleotides

A

RNA

27
Q

Carries the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosomes

A

MRNA

28
Q

Three nucleotides on the mRNA that specify an amino acid

A

Codon

29
Q

Another name for triplet code

A

Genetic code

30
Q

Transports and then transfers the amino acid to the developing peptide chain

A

Transfer RNA

31
Q

The site on the tRNA that bonds with the codon on the mRNA

A

Anticodons

32
Q

Assists protein synthesis by serving as a facilitator for the mRNA and tRNA functions

A

Ribosomal rRNA

33
Q

The transfer of the genetic code on DNA gene into a messenger RNA strand

A

Transcription

34
Q

Synthesis of a polypeptide at the ribosome through linkage of amino acids in a sequence specified by a mRNA molecule

A

Translation

35
Q

These genes are constantly expressed (transcribed and translated into functional products)

A

Constituitive genes

36
Q

What percentage of genes are constituitive?

A

60-80%

37
Q

These genes can be turned on

A

Inducible genes

38
Q

What are repressible genes?

A

Genes that can be turned off

39
Q

Related genes that are regulated as a group/series

A

Operon

40
Q

This operon codes for a repressor protein which can bind to the operator region

A

Repressor gene

41
Q

Region of the chromosome to which the RNA polymerase binds during transcription

A

Promoter site

42
Q

Region of the chromosome which controls acces of the RNA polymerase to the structural genes of the operon, site to which the repressor protein binds

A

Operator site

43
Q

Adjacent genes of the operon which direct the synthesis of proteins with related functions and which are regulated as a unit

A

Genes of the operon

44
Q

Genes are expressed only when certain envirionmental conditions are present

A

Inducible operon

45
Q

Genes are expressed EXCEPT when certain environmental conditions are present

A

Repressible Operon

46
Q

Changes (substitutions or deletions) in the sequence of DNA bases, thus changing the genetic code

A

Mutation

47
Q

Three types of mutations

A

Base substitution
Frameshift mutation
Gross mutation

48
Q

A single base is replaced with another, thus changing the codon

A

Base substitution

49
Q

Insertion or deletion of bases may shift the codon reading frame of the mRNA in the ribosome - often results in significantly different or nonfunctional protein

A

Frameshift mutation

50
Q

Gain or loss of entire gene segment or inversions or transpositions of gene sequences. Results in major change or non-functional cell

A

Gross mutation

51
Q

Causes of mutation

A

Spontaneous (minimal)
Chemical changes
Radiation- X-ray, gamma ray, UV

52
Q

Exchange of genes between two DNA molecules to form new combinations of genes

A

Genetic recombination

53
Q

Small, circular, self-replicating piece of DNA in bacteria

A

Plasmid

54
Q

Self replicating piece of DNA that often codes for antibiotic resistance or disease-causing factors

A

Plasmid

55
Q

What can be used for genetic engineering of bacteria?

A

Recombinant plasmid inserted into a new host bacterium

56
Q

Lysogeny

A

Integration of viral DNA, bacteriophage mentioned specifically

57
Q

The transfer of genetic material between donor and recipient cells involving direct cell to cell contact

A

Conjugation

58
Q

Direct transfer of genes from one bacterium to another as naked DNA in solution

A

Transformation

59
Q

The transfer of DNA from donor bacterium to recipient bacterium by using a bacterial virus as the vehicle

A

Transduction

Micro Martin (3 decks)

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