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cells and genes T3 Y1 > Module 2-5 > Flashcards

Module 2-5 Flashcards

-prokayotes -eukaryotes -building blocks of cells

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2
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3
Q

differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

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eukaryotes:
-linear chromosome
-membrane enclosed organelles
prokaryotes:
-single circular chromosome
-no membrane-enclosed organelles

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4
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what are the four main macromolecules

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-lipids
-carbohydrates
-proteins
-nucleic acids

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5
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what is binomal nomenclature

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6
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define autotrophs

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7
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define heterotrophs

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8
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what are aerobic organisms

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9
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what are anaerobic organisms

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10
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what is a chemotroph

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11
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what is a phototroph

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12
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what are extremophiles

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13
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in what ways can prokaryotes be identified

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-by it’s shape (cocci, bacilli, spirilli)

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14
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gram positive bacteria features

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15
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gram negative bacteria features

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16
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draw a diagram of a prokaryotic cell

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17
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draw a diagram of a eukaryotic plant cell

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18
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draw a diagram of a eukaryotic animal cell

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19
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what is an endospore

A

created when a gram posivitve bacteria undergoes unequal cell division under adverse conditions.
the result is a dormant and highly stable cell called an endospore.
in favppourable conditions the endospore rehyxdrates and germenates

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20
Q

define pathenogenic bacteria

A

bacteria that causes disease

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21
Q

define oppertunistic bacteria

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bacteria that only causes disease when the host’s immune system is compromised

22
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in what ways do bacteria cause the symptoms of disease

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through the release of endotoxins or exotoxins

23
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define pathogens

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disasese casuong agents

24
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what is penicillin and how does it (and similar antibiotics) work

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-penicillin was the first atibiotic discovered.
-it inhibits the enzyme that creates the crosslinks between the sugar annd peptide chains preventng the peptidoglycan chains from having structural integrity

25
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what is aboitic nitrogen fixation

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26
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what is biotic nitrogen fixation

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27
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how is nitrogen fixation relevant to eukarya

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28
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name the domains of life

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-Eukarya
-Archaea
-Bacteria

29
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describe the evolutonary history of prokaryotes

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30
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name and define the different kinds of extremophiles

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-acidophiles ( pH of 3 or less)
-alkaliphiles (pH of 9 or more)
-thermophiles (60-80 degrees Celsius)
-hyperthermophiles (80-122 degrees Celsius)
-psychrophiles ((-15)-10 degrees Celsius)
-halophiles (salt conc of 0.2M+)
-osmophiles (high sugar conc/high osmotic pressures)

31
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why is it hard to culture some prokaryotes

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32
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list the steps of binary fission

A

1.the chromosome is replicated
2.as the cell grows two chromosomes are seperated from one another
3.the cell then divides and two sister chromosomes are produced. each daughter cell recieves a copy of the chromosome.
4. this process is referred to as ‘vegetative groeth”

33
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define binary fission

A

the asexual reproduction of prokaryyotic cells

34
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what is an endotoxin

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a toxin contained within the bacterias structure that is released when it disintergrates
e.g. lipopolysaccharides of gram positive bacteia

35
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what is an exotoxin

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a toxin sectred by the bacteria

35
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what is a microbial mat

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36
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what is peptidoglycan

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37
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what is fimbrae and it’s function

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38
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what is flagella and it’s function

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39
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what is a plasmid

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40
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what is gram positive bacteria

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41
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what is gram negative bacteria

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42
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how is pH calculated?

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43
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carbohydrates

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44
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lipids

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45
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proteins

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46
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nucleic acids

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47
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differences between gram positive and gram negative bacteria

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gram positive:
-gram positive belong to one phylum.
-90% of cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan
gram negative:
-belong to multiple phylum
-thin cell wall, 10% peptidoglycan. surrounded by outer envelope containing lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins.

48
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what are obligate anareobes

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organisms that live in low o2 environments and are poisoned by the presence of o2

49
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what are faculative anareobes

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live in low o2 environments but can survive in the presence or absence of oxygen

cells and genes T3 Y1 (19 decks)

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