Immunity

Question 1

Define vaccination

Answer 1

A vaccine is a solution containing a dead, weakened or attenuated form the of the pathogen or antigen (or mRNA instructions to make an antigen).

Question 2

State what passive immunity means

Answer 2

Short term immunity, recieving antibodies from another source. No B memory cells are made.

Question 3

Describe what active immunity means

Answer 3

Producing own antibodies by the humoral immune response. This leads to B and T memory cells that remain and cause longer term immunity.

Question 4

Define a pandemic

Answer 4

A significant rise in the level of incidence of a disease globally

Question 5

Define an epidemic

Answer 5

A significant rise in the level of incidence of a disease in a population

Question 6

Define endemic

Answer 6

The normal level of incidence of a disease in a population.

Question 7

State the 8 strategies used to control the spread of a pathogen.

Answer 7

Identify pathogen
Identify method of transmission
Block modes of transmission
Quarantine
Protect health workers.
Treat with appropriate medicine (e.g. antibiotics or antivirals)
Design a specific medicine
Create a vaccine
*Be careful of context of the question.

Question 8

Define zoonosis

Answer 8

An infectious disease that is caused by a pathogen that has transferred from an animal to a human.

Question 9

State 2 reasons why diseases can re-emerge

Answer 9

Global travel
Insufficient vaccination
Evolution and mutation of the pathogen (antigenic drift or shift)

Question 10

An example of artifical active immunity is a …

Answer 10

vaccination

Question 11

An example of natural active immunity is..

Answer 11

infection of a pathogen causing the creation of your own antibodies and B memory cells

Question 12

An example of natural passive immunity is ..

Answer 12

transfer of antibodies in breastmilk or across the placenta

Question 13

An example of artificial passive immunity is ..

Answer 13

an antivenom or injection of antibodies. Including monoclonal antibodies

Question 14

An auto immune diseases is caused by …

Answer 14

when auto antibodies recognise self cells as foreign and attack them.

Question 15

Define an allergy..

Answer 15

inappropriate or exaggerated reaction of the immune system to an unimportant stimulus that leads to excessive inflammation.

involves the excessive release of histamine by mast cells causing exaggerated inflammation and mucus production.

Question 16

Mast cells release

Answer 16

histamine

Question 17

Histamine causes

Answer 17

vasodilation and increased permeability

Question 18

A secondary humoural immune response produces a …..

Answer 18

more rapid and higher concentration of antibody production

Question 19

In an allergic reaction Ig E antibodies have formed cross links to …

Answer 19

allergen and two antibodies

Question 20

Possible strategies to limit transmission of pathogens are

Answer 20

Quarantine, masks, gowns, gloves, close borders, educate, treat - vaccination, drug, RDD, remove vector

Question 21

Emergent diseases can be caused by

Answer 21

Antigenic shift and Zoonosis

Question 22

Monoclonal antibodies are …

Answer 22

are laboratory produced antibodies that can bind to a specific and complementary antigen on a cancer cell, usually administered by a drip.

Question 23

What is Herd immunity?

Answer 23

Herd immunityoccurs when a large portion of a community (normally more than 90%) becomes immune to a disease, making the spread of disease from person to person unlikely.

Herd immunity reduces the number of potential hosts.

Question 24

Disinfectants …

Answer 24

destroy pathogens on surfaces e.g. door, work top

Question 25

Antiseptics …

Answer 25

destroy pathogens on the body

Question 26

Antigenic shift is ….

Answer 26

Definition:
Sudden and significant mutations in the genes encoding for viral surface antigens

when the genetic material from two different viruses is accidentally combined within an infected cell creating a ‘new’ pathogen

Question 27

Why do diseases re-emerge?

Answer 27

Evolution and mutation of the pathogen

Globalisation and travel

Larger human population

Insufficient vaccination

Question 28

Immune deficiency is caused by …

Answer 28

malfunction or deficiency of one or more parts of the Immune System

Question 29

How are monoclonal antibodeis made?

Answer 29

Identify antigen on cancer cell

Vaccinate mouse with antige

Extract B cells

Fuse B cells with myeloma cells, to create hybridoma cells.
Myeloma cells are actually also cancerous plasma cells.

Selection of appropriate hybridomas
Collection and purification.