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MBIO 345 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average size of a single coccus?

A

1um

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2
Q

What shape are cocci?

A

Round, oval, same height as width.

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3
Q

What are the different cocci arrangements?

A

Chains, clusters, diplococci, retreads, sarcinae.

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4
Q

What coccus is normally found in chains?

A

Streptococcus

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5
Q

What coccus is normally found in clusters?

A

Staphylococci

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6
Q

What are coccoid rods known as?

A

Coccobacili

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7
Q

What are the arrangements found in bacilli?

A

Palisades, acute angles, chaining

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8
Q

What do bacilli palisades look like?

A

Sheets of bacteria lying on top of each other.

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9
Q

What shape are spirilla bacteria?

A

Spiral or full wing.

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10
Q

What arrangements do spirilla bacteria form?

A

They tend to remain single.

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11
Q

What is an involution form?

A

Dead, degenerating or dying bacteria.

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12
Q

What is a colony?

A

A macroscopic (visible without microscopic aid) bacteria that arose from a single cell.

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13
Q

What is the function of flagella?

A

Movement

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14
Q

What are the different kinds of flagellation arrangements?

A 
Atrichous- none
Monotrichius- one
Lophotrichous- tuft (less than 6)
Amphitrichous- present on two opposing ends
Peritrichous- surrounding cell
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15
Q

What types of cells do NOT possess flagella?

A

Cocci

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16
Q

How can motility be detected?

A

Slide motility, or motility media (plate or tube)

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17
Q

What movements can be observed on a slide?

A

Brownian, drifting/streaming and real motility.

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18
Q

What are the pros and cons of slide motility?

A

Pros: rapid results
Cons: tedious, slow for large number of tests

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19
Q

What stage must bacteria be in to perform a slide motility test?

A

Log phase

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20
Q

What is the downfall of plate motility testing?

A

It’s expensive

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21
Q

What is the indicator used for tube motility testing?

A

TTC- turns red in the presence of growth

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22
Q

What are the cons of tube motility testing?

A

TTC can inhibit some bacteria and it doesn’t work for obligate aerobes

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23
Q

What is the function of a capsule?

A

Increase the virulence of bacteria, protects against phagocytosis and AIDS in attachment.

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24
Q

What are capsules made of?

A

Polysaccharides, polypeptides or polymers

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25
What is the difference between a capsule and a slime layer?
A capsule is firmly attached and organized glycolax. A slime layer is unorganized and loosely attached to the cell wall.
26
What colour do capsules stain?
They are unstained.
27
What causes capsule shrinkage?
Drying and fixing slides.
28
What do you do if capsules are too small to be seen?
Quellung reaction- use antibodies with a marker to attach to the capsule.
29
What is the function of the cell wall?
To give shape and protect the cell.
30
What strengthens the cell wall?
Peptidoglycan
31
What sugars form the peptidoglycan backbone?
NAG and NAM
32
What are the components of peptidoglycan?
NAG and NAM sugar backbone Tetrapeptide chains Peptide cross bridges of amino acids
33
Which type of cell contains more peptidoglycan in its cell wall?
Gram positive
34
What structure do antibiotics generally target?
The cell wall, they break peptidoglycan bonds.
35
What are Gram positive and negative cells called if they lose their cell walls?
+ protoplasts - spheroplasts
36
Define isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic.
Iso- same concentration as cells (0.85% saline) Hyper- higher concentration, water moves out of cells Hypo- lower concentration, water moves into cells
37
What is cellular morphology?
Characteristics of microorganisms observed on slides.
38
What are the ways you can prepare a slide?
Broth Colony Direct film/smear
39
How do you fix a slide?
Heat or alcohol
40
What cells does fixation kill?
Vegetative cells (not spores)
41
What is the acronym used for Gram staining and what does it stand for?
CIAS Crystal violet, iodine, acetone-ethanol, safranin
42
What is the most critical step of Gram staining?
Decolourization with acetone-ethanol
43
What does iodine act as?
A mordant, forms a complex with crystal violet and binds it to the peptidoglycan.
44
What does crystal violet bind to?
Peptidoglycan
45
What colour do cells stain in a Gram stain?
+ purple - pink/red
46
Why do Gram negative cells not take up crystal violet?
The peptidoglycan lies within the cell wall and is not as easily accessed. It is also a thinner layer than Gram positive cells so there is less to bind to.
47
What is a KOH test?
Quality control for Gram staining. Negative cells with form a "thread".
48
What colour should background cells and debris be in Gram staining?
Pink/red (no peptidoglycan for crystal Violet to bind to)
49
What would happen in Gram staining if the cell wall is disrupted?
Everything would be punk/red because there would be no peptidoglycan for crystal violet to bind to.
50
What is the structure of bacterial chromosomes?
Double stranded circular DNA.
51
What is the function of plasmids?
``` Genes for: Antibiotic resistance Transfer of resistance factors Organic decomposition Toxin production Mating and genetic info exchange ```
52
What are the functions of fimbriae?
Increase cell virulence by helping cells adhere to surfaces.
53
What cells has fimbriae?
Gram positive and negative
54
What is the function of pili?
Exchange of genetic information.
55
What cells have pili?
Gram negative only.
56
What is the primary structure and function of the cytoplasmic membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer functions as a selective barrier.
57
What are the modes of transport across the plasma membrane?
Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion and active transport.
58
What cells are able to form spores?
Gram positive bacilli.
59
When do spores form?
When nutrients are low or depleted.
60
What phase is best to observe spores?
Death phase
61
What do spores germinate?
When chemically triggered and water is taken in.
62
What colour do spores stain?
They don't, they're resistant to staining.
63
What are the functions of spores?
Heat resistance Disinfectant resistance Survival
64
What are the subunits that make up the 70S ribosome?
50S and 30S
65
What are inclusions?
Reserve deposits
66
What inclusions do bacteria have?
Volutin granules (phosphate for ATP) Polysaccharide granules Lipids Sulfur granules

MBIO 345 (11 decks)

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