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MBIO 345 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average size of a single coccus?

A

1um

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2
Q

What shape are cocci?

A

Round, oval, same height as width.

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3
Q

What are the different cocci arrangements?

A

Chains, clusters, diplococci, retreads, sarcinae.

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4
Q

What coccus is normally found in chains?

A

Streptococcus

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5
Q

What coccus is normally found in clusters?

A

Staphylococci

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6
Q

What are coccoid rods known as?

A

Coccobacili

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7
Q

What are the arrangements found in bacilli?

A

Palisades, acute angles, chaining

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8
Q

What do bacilli palisades look like?

A

Sheets of bacteria lying on top of each other.

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9
Q

What shape are spirilla bacteria?

A

Spiral or full wing.

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10
Q

What arrangements do spirilla bacteria form?

A

They tend to remain single.

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11
Q

What is an involution form?

A

Dead, degenerating or dying bacteria.

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12
Q

What is a colony?

A

A macroscopic (visible without microscopic aid) bacteria that arose from a single cell.

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13
Q

What is the function of flagella?

A

Movement

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14
Q

What are the different kinds of flagellation arrangements?

A 
Atrichous- none
Monotrichius- one
Lophotrichous- tuft (less than 6)
Amphitrichous- present on two opposing ends
Peritrichous- surrounding cell
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15
Q

What types of cells do NOT possess flagella?

A

Cocci

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16
Q

How can motility be detected?

A

Slide motility, or motility media (plate or tube)

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17
Q

What movements can be observed on a slide?

A

Brownian, drifting/streaming and real motility.

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18
Q

What are the pros and cons of slide motility?

A

Pros: rapid results
Cons: tedious, slow for large number of tests

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19
Q

What stage must bacteria be in to perform a slide motility test?

A

Log phase

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20
Q

What is the downfall of plate motility testing?

A

It’s expensive

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21
Q

What is the indicator used for tube motility testing?

A

TTC- turns red in the presence of growth

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22
Q

What are the cons of tube motility testing?

A

TTC can inhibit some bacteria and it doesn’t work for obligate aerobes

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23
Q

What is the function of a capsule?

A

Increase the virulence of bacteria, protects against phagocytosis and AIDS in attachment.

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24
Q

What are capsules made of?

A

Polysaccharides, polypeptides or polymers

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25
Q

What is the difference between a capsule and a slime layer?

A

A capsule is firmly attached and organized glycolax.

A slime layer is unorganized and loosely attached to the cell wall.

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26
Q

What colour do capsules stain?

A

They are unstained.

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27
Q

What causes capsule shrinkage?

A

Drying and fixing slides.

28
Q

What do you do if capsules are too small to be seen?

A

Quellung reaction- use antibodies with a marker to attach to the capsule.

29
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

To give shape and protect the cell.

30
Q

What strengthens the cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycan

31
Q

What sugars form the peptidoglycan backbone?

A

NAG and NAM

32
Q

What are the components of peptidoglycan?

A

NAG and NAM sugar backbone

Tetrapeptide chains

Peptide cross bridges of amino acids

33
Q

Which type of cell contains more peptidoglycan in its cell wall?

A

Gram positive

34
Q

What structure do antibiotics generally target?

A

The cell wall, they break peptidoglycan bonds.

35
Q

What are Gram positive and negative cells called if they lose their cell walls?

A

+ protoplasts

  • spheroplasts
36
Q

Define isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic.

A

Iso- same concentration as cells (0.85% saline)

Hyper- higher concentration, water moves out of cells

Hypo- lower concentration, water moves into cells

37
Q

What is cellular morphology?

A

Characteristics of microorganisms observed on slides.

38
Q

What are the ways you can prepare a slide?

A

Broth

Colony

Direct film/smear

39
Q

How do you fix a slide?

A

Heat or alcohol

40
Q

What cells does fixation kill?

A

Vegetative cells (not spores)

41
Q

What is the acronym used for Gram staining and what does it stand for?

A

CIAS

Crystal violet, iodine, acetone-ethanol, safranin

42
Q

What is the most critical step of Gram staining?

A

Decolourization with acetone-ethanol

43
Q

What does iodine act as?

A

A mordant, forms a complex with crystal violet and binds it to the peptidoglycan.

44
Q

What does crystal violet bind to?

A

Peptidoglycan

45
Q

What colour do cells stain in a Gram stain?

A

+ purple

  • pink/red
46
Q

Why do Gram negative cells not take up crystal violet?

A

The peptidoglycan lies within the cell wall and is not as easily accessed. It is also a thinner layer than Gram positive cells so there is less to bind to.

47
Q

What is a KOH test?

A

Quality control for Gram staining. Negative cells with form a “thread”.

48
Q

What colour should background cells and debris be in Gram staining?

A

Pink/red (no peptidoglycan for crystal Violet to bind to)

49
Q

What would happen in Gram staining if the cell wall is disrupted?

A

Everything would be punk/red because there would be no peptidoglycan for crystal violet to bind to.

50
Q

What is the structure of bacterial chromosomes?

A

Double stranded circular DNA.

51
Q

What is the function of plasmids?

A 
Genes for:
Antibiotic resistance
Transfer of resistance factors
Organic decomposition
Toxin production
Mating and genetic info exchange
52
Q

What are the functions of fimbriae?

A

Increase cell virulence by helping cells adhere to surfaces.

53
Q

What cells has fimbriae?

A

Gram positive and negative

54
Q

What is the function of pili?

A

Exchange of genetic information.

55
Q

What cells have pili?

A

Gram negative only.

56
Q

What is the primary structure and function of the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer functions as a selective barrier.

57
Q

What are the modes of transport across the plasma membrane?

A

Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion and active transport.

58
Q

What cells are able to form spores?

A

Gram positive bacilli.

59
Q

When do spores form?

A

When nutrients are low or depleted.

60
Q

What phase is best to observe spores?

A

Death phase

61
Q

What do spores germinate?

A

When chemically triggered and water is taken in.

62
Q

What colour do spores stain?

A

They don’t, they’re resistant to staining.

63
Q

What are the functions of spores?

A

Heat resistance

Disinfectant resistance

Survival

64
Q

What are the subunits that make up the 70S ribosome?

A

50S and 30S

65
Q

What are inclusions?

A

Reserve deposits

66
Q

What inclusions do bacteria have?

A

Volutin granules (phosphate for ATP)
Polysaccharide granules
Lipids
Sulfur granules

MBIO 345 (11 decks)

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