Module 2

Question 1

scientific method

Answer 1

Learning about the world through the application of critical thinking and tools such as observation, experimentation, and statistical analysis.

Question 2

researcher bias

Answer 2

When researchers selectively notice evidence that supports their hypotheses or expectations.

Question 3

critical thinking

Answer 3

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. It examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

Question 4

participant bias

Answer 4

When participants in research respond differently than they normally would because they know they are being observed or they believe they know the researcher wants.

Question 5

naturalistic observation

Answer 5

Observing and recording behaviour in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.

Question 6

case study

Answer 6

A research technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

Question 7

correlation study

Answer 7

A research project designed to discover the degree to which two variables are related to each other.

Question 8

survey method

Answer 8

A research method designed to discover self-reported attitudes or behaviours of people through the use of questionnaires or interviews.

Question 9

population

Answer 9

All the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study.

Question 10

random sample

Answer 10

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

Question 11

longitudinal study

Answer 11

Studying the same group of individuals over a long period of time.

Question 12

cross-sectional study

Answer 12

Comparing individuals from different age groups at one time.

Question 13

experiment

Answer 13

A research method n which the researcher manipulates one or more factors (IV) to observe the effect on another variable (DV) while confounding variable remain controlled.

Question 14

hypothesis

Answer 14

An investigator’s testable prediction about the outcome of research.

Question 15

operational definition

Answer 15

A specification of the exact procedure used to make a variable specific and measurable.

Question 16

independent variable

Answer 16

The research variable that is hypothesized to cause a change in the dependent variable.

Question 17

dependent variable

Answer 17

The behaviour or mental process where the impact of the independent variable is measured.

Question 18

experimental group

Answer 18

The participants in an experiment who are exposed to the treatment (IV).

Question 19

control group

Answer 19

The participants in an experiment not exposed the the IV and are used as a comparison for the experimental group.

Question 20

random assignment

Answer 20

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance

Question 21

confounding variable

Answer 21

A variable other than the IV, that could influence the DV.

Question 22

double-blind procedure

Answer 22

An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the researchers are blind to the expected outcome of the research.

Question 23

placebo

Answer 23

A nonactive substance that may be administered instead of a drug (fake pill)

Question 24

replication

Answer 24

Repeating a research study to see whether the results can be reliably reproduced. Unless a study can be replicated, the results are likely to be a fluke occurrence.

Question 25

What are the 4 basic principles?

Answer 25

1) Informed consent
2) The right to be protected from harm and discomfort
3) The right to confidentiality
4) The right to debriefing.

Question 26

What is the basic principle of informed consent.

Answer 26

Researchers must inform potential participants in advance about the general nature and any potential risks involved in the research. Also, participants have a right to refuse to participate or withdraw at any time.

Question 27

What is the basic principle of the right to be protected from harm and discomfort?

Answer 27

Researchers may conduct studies that involve harm and discomfort only under certain circumstances and only with the participants’ informed consent.

Question 28

What is the basic principle of the right to confidentiality?

Answer 28

Researchers must never release data or spread information about individual participants.

Question 29

What is the basic principle of the right to debriefing?

Answer 29

Participants must receive a full explanation of the research when their involvement is done. (Important if the research includes deception)