Module 2 Flashcards
What does classical conditioning help explain?
A) How thoughts guide behavior
B) How reinforcement increases behavior
C) How emotional responses become associated with new stimuli
D) How moral values are developed
C) How emotional responses become associated with new stimuli
In Pavlov’s experiment with dogs, what was the conditioned stimulus?
A) Food
B) Salivation
C) Bell
D) Hunger
C) Bell
In the Little Albert experiment, what was the unconditioned stimulus?
A) White rat
B) Crying
C) Loud noise
D) Fear
C) Loud noise
What principle is operant conditioning based on?
A) Law of inertia
B) Law of association
C) Law of effect
D) Law of reinforcement
C) Law of effect
What is positive reinforcement?
A) Taking something unpleasant away to increase a behavior
B) Adding something pleasant to increase a behavior
C) Punishing a behavior with something negative
D) Ignoring a behavior until it disappears
B) Adding something pleasant to increase a behavior
What is an example of negative reinforcement?
A) Giving candy to stop tantrums
B) Praising a child for doing homework
C) Turning off a loud alarm by waking up
D) Spanking to reduce disobedience
C) Turning off a loud alarm by waking up
According to Bandura, how do people learn through social learning theory?
A) Through genetic predispositions
B) Through personal experience only
C) By observing and imitating others
D) Through memorization of rules
C) By observing and imitating others
What is vicarious reinforcement?
A) Learning by doing something repeatedly
B) Learning by watching someone else be rewarded
C) Learning by trial and error
D) Learning through direct punishment
B) Learning by watching someone else be rewarded
What concept explains the interaction between environment, personality, and behavior?
A) Socialization
B) Behaviorism
C) Classical conditioning
D) Reciprocal determinism
D) Reciprocal determinism
What are the three parts of the personality in Freud’s theory?
A) Conscious, subconscious, unconscious
B) Ego, morality, logic
C) Id, Ego, Superego
D) Drive, desire, defense
C) Id, Ego, Superego
Which defense mechanism involves redirecting unacceptable urges into acceptable activities?
A) Repression
B) Sublimation
C) Projection
D) Denial
B) Sublimation
Which stage in Freud’s theory involves toilet training and control?
A) Oral
B) Phallic
C) Latent
D) Anal
D) Anal
What is the main developmental task of Erikson’s stage ‘Industry vs. Inferiority’?
A) Developing trust
B) Gaining independence
C) Mastering academic and social skills
D) Exploring identity
C) Mastering academic and social skills
According to Erikson, what happens during ‘Identity vs. Role Confusion’?
A) Formation of intimate relationships
B) Focus on career goals
C) Development of a stable self-concept
D) Coping with aging
C) Development of a stable self-concept
What is one criticism of Freud’s psychosexual theory?
A) It is too focused on scientific data
B) It overemphasizes environmental factors
C) It is difficult to test scientifically
D) It completely ignores childhood experiences
C) It is difficult to test scientifically
Front
Back
Which type of study is best suited for determining cause-and-effect relationships?
A) Correlational
B) Observational
C) Experimental
D) Case Study
C) Experimental
Which type of study involves observing behavior without manipulating any variables?
A) Experimental
B) Correlational
C) Observational
D) Cross-Sequential
C) Observational
What is the primary purpose of a correlational study?
A) Determine causality
B) Describe individual cases in detail
C) Examine relationships between variables
D) Observe behaviors over time
C) Examine relationships between variables
Which research method follows the same individuals over a long period of time?
A) Cross-Sectional
B) Longitudinal
C) Case Study
D) Experimental
B) Longitudinal
Which method studies people of different ages at one point in time?
A) Cross-Sequential
B) Longitudinal
C) Cross-Sectional
D) Experimental
C) Cross-Sectional
Which method combines both longitudinal and cross-sectional designs?
A) Correlational
B) Cross-Sequential
C) Case Study
D) Experimental
B) Cross-Sequential
What type of research focuses in depth on a single individual or situation?
A) Cross-Sectional
B) Case Study
C) Experimental
D) Observational
B) Case Study
Front
Back
Which theorist is known for developing the psychosexual stages of development?
A) Erik Erikson
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Jean Piaget
D) B.F. Skinner
B) Sigmund Freud
According to Erikson, which stage is associated with young adulthood?
A) Identity vs. Role Confusion
B) Intimacy vs. Isolation
C) Autonomy vs. Shame
D) Industry vs. Inferiority
B) Intimacy vs. Isolation
What does Bandura’s concept of ‘reciprocal determinism’ suggest?
A) Behavior is fixed from birth
B) Environment affects us, but we don’t affect it
C) We influence our environment just as it influences us
D) Children learn only through punishment
C) We influence our environment just as it influences us
Which learning theory involves associations between stimuli and automatic responses?
A) Operant Conditioning
B) Observational Learning
C) Classical Conditioning
D) Cognitive Theory
C) Classical Conditioning
Piaget’s theory focuses on which aspect of development?
A) Emotional responses
B) Unconscious desires
C) Moral reasoning
D) Cognitive development
D) Cognitive development
In operant conditioning, what is a reinforcer?
A) A punishment that reduces behavior
B) A stimulus that decreases response
C) A consequence that increases the likelihood of behavior
D) A memory trigger
C) A consequence that increases the likelihood of behavior
Which research design follows the same individuals over a long period of time?
A) Cross-sectional
B) Cross-sequential
C) Longitudinal
D) Experimental
C) Longitudinal
Which concept did Freud introduce to explain unconscious desires?
A) Ego-centrism
B) Operant behavior
C) Id, Ego, Superego
D) Cognitive schemes
C) Id, Ego, Superego
Vygotsky emphasized the role of ______ in cognitive development.
A) Genetics
B) Biology
C) Culture and social interaction
D) Conditioning
C) Culture and social interaction
What type of learning occurs by watching others and modeling their behavior?
A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Social learning
D) Psychoanalysis
C) Social learning
