Module 1 - Textbook Flashcards
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Which of the following best defines the term “cohort” in developmental psychology?
A) A group of individuals with the same level of education
B) A social class based on income
C) A group of people born around the same time who experience similar historical events
D) A group of people with similar personality traits
C) A group of people born around the same time who experience similar historical events
How does cohort impact human development?
A) It has no influence on values or experiences
B) It influences shared attitudes, values, and life experiences based on historical context
C) It only affects children
D) It is determined by genetic inheritance
B) It influences shared attitudes, values, and life experiences based on historical context
Which of the following is an example of a cohort effect?
A) Two siblings growing up in the same household
B) A person becoming taller due to genetics
C) A generation affected by 9/11 or the COVID-19 pandemic
D) A person’s career choice based on personal preference
C) A generation affected by 9/11 or the COVID-19 pandemic
Why is it important to consider cohort when studying lifespan development?
A) It helps determine intelligence levels
B) It allows researchers to identify personality disorders
C) It provides context for understanding the influences of time and culture on development
D) It is required by all scientific journals
C) It provides context for understanding the influences of time and culture on development
Which factor would NOT typically vary by cohort?
A) Access to education
B) Historical events experienced
C) Parenting style trends
D) Basic human anatomy
D) Basic human anatomy
A researcher studying Generation Z’s views on technology compared to Baby Boomers is examining what?
A) Psychosexual development
B) Independent variables
C) Cohort-based differences
D) Genetic drift
C) Cohort-based differences
What term describes the belief that one’s culture is superior to others?
A) Cultural relativism
B) Multiculturalism
C) Ethnocentrism
D) Egocentrism
C) Ethnocentrism
In what way do social class and cohort interact in shaping development?
A) They both contribute to life chances and access to resources over time
B) They cancel each other out
C) Social class only affects adults, while cohort only affects children
D) They only impact cognitive development
A) They both contribute to life chances and access to resources over time
Which of the following statements is true about life chances?
A) Life chances are completely determined at birth
B) They describe how likely individuals are to succeed based on race alone
C) They refer to opportunities and access to resources based on social position
D) They do not change throughout life
C) They refer to opportunities and access to resources based on social position
How does culture impact human development?
A) Culture only affects physical growth
B) Culture has no role in development
C) Culture shapes values, expectations, and developmental tasks
D) Culture is only important in adulthood
C) Culture shapes values, expectations, and developmental tasks
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Which of the following best defines culture?
A) A biological trait passed down through DNA
B) A set of economic practices shared across nations
C) A shared blueprint for living that includes values, behaviors, and norms
D) A scientific theory used to study human growth
C) A shared blueprint for living that includes values, behaviors, and norms
How is culture primarily learned?
A) Through genetics and biology
B) Through exposure to government institutions
C) Through interaction with parents, schools, media, and peers
D) Through natural selection
C) Through interaction with parents, schools, media, and peers
What is ethnocentrism?
A) The ability to appreciate cultural differences
B) The belief that one’s own culture is superior to others
C) A method for conducting cross-cultural research
D) The view that all cultures are equal and the same
B) The belief that one’s own culture is superior to others
What is cultural relativity?
A) Viewing all cultural practices as primitive
B) Rejecting one’s own cultural background
C) Understanding cultural practices from the perspective of that culture
D) Comparing cultures to determine which is best
C) Understanding cultural practices from the perspective of that culture
Why is culture considered an important context for human development?
A) It only influences adults
B) It shapes values, behaviors, and developmental expectations
C) It determines genetic characteristics
D) It is the same across all societies
B) It shapes values, behaviors, and developmental expectations
What does the text suggest about Erikson’s theory in relation to cultural differences?
A) It applies equally to all cultural contexts
B) It overemphasizes genetic factors
C) It assumes developmental patterns that may not exist in all cultures
D) It was originally designed for use in Africa
C) It assumes developmental patterns that may not exist in all cultures
Which of the following is an example of how menstruation is treated differently across cultures?
A) All girls worldwide receive the same education on menstruation
B) Girls in Africa typically have more access to menstrual supplies than in the U.S.
C) Girls in the U.S. often receive menstrual education and hygiene kits in school
D) Menstruation is not considered a cultural issue
C) Girls in the U.S. often receive menstrual education and hygiene kits in school
Why do many girls in parts of Africa miss school during menstruation?
A) They are required to work instead
B) They lack access to sanitary menstrual products
C) School policies prohibit attendance during menstruation
D) Menstruation is considered a rite of passage and must be done in isolation
B) They lack access to sanitary menstrual products
Why is it problematic to distribute menstrual products without education?
A) Girls may sell the products instead
B) The products can lead to cultural rejection
C) Improper use can lead to serious infections
D) It increases school absences
C) Improper use can lead to serious infections
What key idea should be kept in mind when comparing development across cultures?
A) All cultures experience the same developmental stages
B) Cultural practices are universal and fixed
C) Developmental theories may be culturally bound and not universally applicable
D) Culture has little influence on physical development
C) Developmental theories may be culturally bound and not universally applicable
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Which of the following is the correct order of the nine periods of development?
A) Prenatal, Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, Adulthood, Aging, Death, Rebirth, Reflection
B) Conception, Birth, Childhood, Adulthood, Death, Heaven, Reincarnation, Enlightenment, Nirvana
C) Prenatal, Infancy and Toddlerhood, Early Childhood, Middle Childhood, Adolescence, Early Adulthood, Middle Adulthood, Late Adulthood, Death and Dying
D) Pre-birth, Infant Years, School Years, Teen Years, Work Years, Retirement, Death, Afterlife, Legacy
C) Prenatal, Infancy and Toddlerhood, Early Childhood, Middle Childhood, Adolescence, Early Adulthood, Middle Adulthood, Late Adulthood, Death and Dying
What major developmental milestone occurs in Infancy and Toddlerhood?
A) Onset of puberty
B) Development of abstract thinking
C) Rapid physical growth and language acquisition
D) Focus on retirement and legacy
C) Rapid physical growth and language acquisition
Which period of development is most associated with school performance and peer comparison?
A) Early Childhood
B) Middle Childhood
C) Adolescence
D) Early Adulthood
B) Middle Childhood
Which term refers to a belief in the superiority of one’s own culture?
A) Cultural relativity
B) Confirmation bias
C) Ethnocentrism
D) Cultural pluralism
C) Ethnocentrism
What is the main focus of qualitative research?
A) Testing statistical theories with numeric data
B) Controlling variables in a lab setting
C) Understanding experiences and meanings from participant perspectives
D) Developing generalizable results
C) Understanding experiences and meanings from participant perspectives
Which type of study would best explore how one individual experiences a rare psychological disorder?
A) Cross-sectional study
B) Experimental study
C) Case study
D) Longitudinal study
C) Case study
Which of the following research methods allows researchers to establish cause and effect?
A) Case study
B) Survey
C) Experimental design
D) Observational study
C) Experimental design
What is confirmation bias?
A) A form of cultural appreciation
B) A scientific theory
C) The tendency to only seek information that supports one’s existing beliefs
D) An approach to randomized testing
C) The tendency to only seek information that supports one’s existing beliefs
What defines an independent variable in an experiment?
A) The variable that is manipulated by the researcher
B) The outcome being measured
C) The population being studied
D) The control condition
A) The variable that is manipulated by the researcher
Which research method tracks the same group of people over a long period of time?
A) Cross-sectional
B) Longitudinal
C) Cross-sequential
D) Random sampling
B) Longitudinal
