module 2 Flashcards
- a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas across institutions
supporting scientific investigation and in the more widely held picture
of the universe.
*the most significant period of discovery and growth of the sciences in
the whole of history.
- a series of events that marked the emergence of modern
science during the early modern period - a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas
- Led to the establishment of several modern sciences
- Took place in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance period.
- Renaissance – interest in Science
intellectual revolution
- the nature of sun and the earth
- Marie de coste blanche
1566
- copernicus publishes heliocentric theory
- versalius publishes human anatomy
1543
janssen invents microscope
1590
- kepler: first 2 laws of planetary motion
1609
galileo: starry messenger
1610
bacon: novum organum (new instrument) encourages new experimental method
1620
harvey: reveals how human heart functions
1628
galileo: faces inquisition for support of copernicus theory
1633
descartes book: discourse on method
1637
torricelli: barometer
1643
england: establishes academy of sciences
1660
boyle: boyle’s law
1662
france: academy of sciences
1666
leeuwenhoek: observes bacteria through microscope
1674
newton: law of gravity
1687
fahrenheight: mercury thermometer
1714
- Greek Philosopher
- Proposed Geocentrism, earth-centered belief
ARISTOTLE
- Greco-Roman mathematician,
philosopher and astronomer - he improved Aristotle’s observation by using measurements using epicycles-planetary orbits.
- Geocentric model - one of the greatest discoveries of that time
CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY
- Greek astronomer and mathematician
- Postulated Heliocentrism
ARISTARCHUS OF SAMOS
- his findings supported the heliocentric model written in his book “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres”
- Copernican Revolution took off with the acquisition of more precise data on the movement and position of planets around the sun.
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
- Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion
- Tychonic system, the most precise equipment available before the telescope by Tycho Brahe
- He proved that planets moved in elliptical orbits around the sun.
JOHANNES KEPLER
- His telescopic observation of the four moons of Jupiter proved that celestial bodies did not revolve around the sun on his book “The Starry Messenger”
GALILEO GALILEI
- He brought the triumph of
heliocentrism by using gravity
to explain the movement of the
planets around the sun.
ISAAC NEWTON
- “Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection”, the genetic make up of a population changed (evolution) depending on the conditions dictated by the environment (natural selection).
- Darwin’s Evolution by natural selection therefore became the paradigm shift to the paradigm of creation.
The religious belief that God is the
intelligent designer of the intelligently
designed universe, the creator of all things,
was the paradigm accepted by the society.
- English naturalist obsessed in nature
- “The origin of species” in 1859
- Organismal adaptation and evolution was through the process Of natural selection.
CHARLES DARWIN
- Well known in the field of Psychology, he was able to change people’s perception of psychology
Contributions:
* Psychoanalysis
* Three forces of psychical apparatus
* Instincts are two causes of behaviour;
* Psychosexual theory
* Role of Dreams
* Understanding of Self
SIGMUND FREUD
- The study that explains human behavior.
Three forces of psychichal
apparatus
1. ___ - operates in pursuit of pleasure (pleasure seeking)
- ___ - governed by the reality principle
- ___ - to pursue idealistic goals and perfection
PSYCHOANALYSIS
- id
- ego
- superego
Instincts are two causes of behaviour:
- ______ - love preserves unity
- ______ - promotes destructions
______ – driving force of instinct
- Eros (love)
- Death
- Libido
- the behavior and development of an individual are influenced by the interaction between the conscious and unconscious aspects of the person’s mind.
PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY
- Every dream represents a wish fulfillment.
- Dreams are representative of the imaginary fulfillment of a wish or impulse in early childhood, before such wishes have been repressed.
role of dreams
- Not only was sexuality the root of personality, but also early sexual experiences were the most formative in human psychological development.
- Freud continued to work on refining his theory and tried to explain how psychoanalysis can be used as clinical method on treating mental disorders.
understanding the self
Philosophers believed that all knowledge could be obtained through pure reasoning, and that there was no need to actually go out and measure
anything.
baconian revolution
- Father of science
- Gave importance to the use of measurement and observation as a tool for gaining knowledge as it should be supported by real world findings.
aristotle
- An Islamic scholar best known for his works on light and vision.
- Scientific Method:
1. State an explicit problem, based upon observation and experimentation.
- Test or criticize a hypothesis through experimentation.
- Interpret the data and come to a conclusion, ideally using mathematics.
- Publish the findings
Ibn Al-Haytham
- One of the earliest European
scholars to refine the scientific
methods. - He developed the idea of (1) making observations, (2) hypothesizing and (3) experimenting to test the hypothesis.
ROGER BACON
- He developed the scientific method.
- He argued that scientific knowledge is obtained after making observations and then utilizing inductive reasoning to
interpret the observations. - Bacon also argued that controlled scientific experimentation is essential for understanding nature.
FRANCIS BACON
systematic approach used to establish scientific knowledge or modify existing knowledge.
scientific method
led to the creation of new knowledge systems, social hierarchies, and networks of thinkers. It also affected production and distribution.
scientific revolution
