Module 2 Flashcards
This is an important change that happens when a new and different way replaces the usual way of thinking about or doing something.
Paradigm Shift
This is the rise of contemporary science during the early modern period. It involved developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry changed how society viewed the natural world.
Intellectual Revolution
What fields were prominent in the Copernican revolution.
Astronomy and Cosmology
He is a greek philosopher who proposed geocentrism.
Aristotle
This is an earth-centered belief.
Geocentrism
He is a Greco-Roman mathematician who used measurements using epicycles.
Claudius Ptolemy
This is a term for planetary orbits.
Epicycles
This is one of the greatest discoveries of the Copernican Revolution.
Geocentric model
He is a Greek astronomer and mathematician who postulated heliocentrism.
Aristarchus of Samos
This is the sun-centered belief.
Heliocentrism
He supported the heliocentric model and wrote “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres.”
Nicolaus Copernicus
Who were the astronomers who supported heliocentrism?
Nicolaus Copernicus
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei
Isaac Newton
He was the proponent of Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion. He proved that planets moved in elliptical orbits around the sun.
Johannes Kepler
This is the most precise equipment available.
Tychonic system
Who made the typhonic system?
Tycho Brahe
Kepler proved that planets moved in ________ around the sun.
elliptical orbits
He observed the four moons of Jupiter and provided that celestial bodies did not revolve around the sun.
Galileo Galilei
Who wrote the “The Starry Messenger?”
Galileo Galilei
Who wrote the “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres?”
Nicolaus Copernicus
He brought the triumph of heliocentrism by using gravity to explain the movement of the planets around the sun.
Isaac Newton
What were the relevant paradigm shifts?
Copernican Revolution
Darwinian Revolution
Freudian Revolution
Baconian Revolution
This paradigm shift was initiated by Charles Darwin.
Darwinian Revolution
He was an English naturalist obsessed in nature. He proposed organismal adaptation and evolution was through the process of natural selection.
Charles Darwin
Who wrote the book “The origin of species” in 1859?
Charles Darwin
Darwin believed that Organismal adaptation and evolution was through the process of ?
Natural Selection
Who made up the “Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection?”
Charles Darwin
This is the process where living things change over time.
Evolution
This is why evolution happens. It is nature’s way of picking which traits are best for survival.
Natural Selection
The paradigm shift to the paradigm of creation shifted to?
Natural Selection
The paradigm of geocentrism shifted to what paradigm?
Heliocentrism
This revolution was proposed by Sigmund Freud.
Freudian Revolution
He is an Austrian neurologist and he introduced psychology.
Sigmund Freud
What were the contributions of Sigmund Freud?
Pscyhoanalysis
Three forces of psychical apparatus
Instincts are two causes of behaviour;
Psychosexual theory
Role of Dreams
Understanding of Self
This is the study that explains human behavior.
Psychoanalysis
What are the three forces of psychical apparatus?
Id
Ego
Superego
This operated in pursuit of pleasure.
Id
This is governed by th reality principle.
Ego
This is the pursuit to idealistic goals and perfection.
Superego
What are the instincts that are the two causes of behavior?
Eros, Death
This is the driving force of instinct.
Libido
This states that the behavior and development of an individual are influenced by the interaction between the conscious and unconscious aspects of the person’s mind.
Psychosexual Theory
This theory states that every dream represents a wish fulfillment. It says that dreams are representative of the imaginary fulfillment of a wish or impulse in early childhood, before such wishes have been repressed.
Role of Dreams
Freud continued to work on refining his theory and tried to explain how_______ can be used as clinical method on treating mental disorders.
psychoanalysis
Who initiated the Baconian revolution?
Sir Francis bacon
Philosophers believed that all knowledge could be obtained through __________ , and that there was no need to actually go out and measure anything.
Pure reasoning
He is the Father of science and he gave importance tot eh use of measurement and observation as a tool for gaining knowledge as it should be supported by real world findings.
Aristotle
He is the founder of formal logic and proponent of deductive reasoning.
Aristotle
He is an Islamic scholar best known for his works on light and vision.
Ibn al-Haytham
Increase in numbers of Islamic scholars led to
________
Islamic Golden Age of Science
later on, scientific method passed into Europe and the _________
Renaissance
He is one of the earliest European scholars to refine the scientific methods. He developed the idea of making observations, hypothesizing, experimenting to test the hypothesis.
Roger Bacon
He developed the scientific method. He argued that scientific knowledge is obtained after making observations and then utilizing inductive reasoning to interpret the observations. He also argued that controlled scientific experimentation is essential for understanding nature.
Francis Bacon
This is a systematic approach used to establish scientific knowledge or modify existing knowledge.
Scientific Method
Inductive vs Deductive Reasoning
Inductive - specific idea to general idea
Deductive - general idea to specific idea
This allows us to make judgments and form opinions based on the information available to us, often when it’s impossible to have complete information.
Inductive Reasoning
