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kin 211 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What stimulus characteristics affect stimulus identification?

A
  1. clarity and intensity
    - clarity: visual stimulus definition sharpness
    - intensity: brightness, colour and loudness
  2. modality: type of sensation, sight, sound etc.
  3. familiarity
  4. predicability - both temporal and spatial anticipation
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2
Q

how does increased clarity affect reaction time?

A

increased clarity = decreased reaction time

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3
Q

how does increased intensity affect reaction time

A

increased intensity = decreased reaction time

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4
Q

What modality types of stimuli have faster RTs than others?

A

auditory simple RT is faster than visual simple RT

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5
Q

is auditory simple RT or visual simple RT faster?

A

auditory simple RT is faster

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6
Q

What is temporal anticipation?

A

temporal anticipation: anticipation of the arrival of a stimulus

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7
Q

what stage of reaction time does temporal anticipation save the most time in?

A

stimulus identification

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8
Q

what are the three major stages in information processing

A
  1. stimulus id
  2. response selection
  3. response programming
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9
Q

what is spatial anticipation?

A

spatial anticipation: anticipates the location of a stimulus

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10
Q

what stage of information processing does spatial anticipation save the most time in?

A

response selection

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11
Q

What factors affect response selection

A
  1. spatial anticipation
  2. S-R compatibility
  3. # of S-R alternatives
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12
Q

How does spatial anticipation affect response selection?

A

advance information allows the individual to anticipate and prepare responses

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13
Q

what is the major method used to study event predictability?

A

the precue method

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14
Q

what is the precue method

A

the precue method is a research technique in which the participant is given partial information about an action before the stimulus

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15
Q

What are the main stages in information processing

A
  1. stimulus ID
  2. response selection
  3. response programming
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16
Q

What does the precue method tell us about information processing

A

it shows that the information about the incoming response allows you to plan the correct response. It saves/bypasses response selection

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17
Q

what stage of information processing does the precue method bypass?

A

response selection

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18
Q

How does RT differ between precue method and no precue

A

With precue, RT will be shorter, since response selection time is shortened. Without precue, RT will increase.

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19
Q

how does reaction time change with invalid and valid precues?

A

with a valid precue, RT decreases. With an invalid precue, RT increases.

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20
Q

under what conditions do we have to reprocess stimuli?

A

incorrect spatial anticipation, fakes?, etc.

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21
Q

What is RT cost?

A

refers to the reprocessing of stimuli information and reaction processing?

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22
Q

What is a real world example of the precue method?

A

For tennis players, they are able to use advance information to predict where the ball might go?

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23
Q

How does response complexity affect response programming?

A

i think it is mostly due to the reprocessing of stimuli, and reprocessing reactions

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24
Q

what is S-R stimulus response compatibility

A

SR stimulus response compatibility: a measure of how well a stimulus aligns with the required response. higher compatibility = more aligned, and faster RT response

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25
Q

What are the terms to describe the SR compatibility relationship between a stimulus and response?how do these relationships affect response selection?

A

compatible = decreases RT
incompatible = increases RT

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26
Q

what is the simon effect?

A

Simon effect: refers to the effect of stimulus response compatibility on reaction times, stating that higher compatibility leads to faster reaction times

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27
Q

Draw the order of information processing stages, and then how precue alters the order

A

answer is on lec 4 slide 24

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28
Q

draw out the RT cost of information processing stages when an invalid precue is given (compare it to valid precue)

A

answer is on lec 4 slide 26

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29
Q

What are the two types of compatible SR pairings?

A
  1. inherent: spatial position, size/shape of object
  2. learnt: practice or cultural norms, habitual
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30
Q

what is meant by population sterotypes in SR compatibility?

A

population stereotypes in SR compatibility refers to the widely shared associations between stimuli and responses
ex. light switches, red for stop, clockwise for increase, etc.

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31
Q

what occurs if SR pairings violate stereotypical relationships?

A

errors are made, and RT increases

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32
Q

What are S-R alternatives?

A

S-R alternatives: the number of choices one can make in a SR pairing

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33
Q

What is the term used to describe a single unit of information?

A

bit

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34
Q

Define bit

A

bit: the amount of information required to decide between two equally likely alternatives, or removes half of the uncertainty

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35
Q

what does a single bit do to someone’s uncertainty

A

halves it

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36
Q

how do we calculate the number of SR alternatives?

A

using log_2(N), where N = 2^bit. SO log_2(2^bit)
if we ask 3 questions and have 8 choices in a game of guess who, the number of SR alternatives is N=2^3

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37
Q

what does N represent in the log formula

A

the number of choices. N = 2^bit

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38
Q

try a few practice questions using the log_2(N) formula

A
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39
Q

As the # of SR choices increase, what happens to RT?

A

RT increases with the number of choices

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40
Q

When RT is plotted as a function of bits, what does the line look like?

A

straight - it is a linear relationship between RT and bits

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41
Q

Hick’s law states that RT increases at a constant rate every time the # of SR alternatives is….

A

doubled

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42
Q

What is the formula for CRT/Hick’s law?

A

CRT = a + b(log_2N)
a = y intercept, b = slope

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43
Q

What factors affect the stage of response programming?

A

COMPLEXITY
1. movement # of components
2. movement accuracy
3. movement duration

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44
Q

How does increasing complexity of tasks affect RT?

A

increases response programming and RT

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45
Q

Summarize the factors that affect each stage of information processing

A
  1. stimulus Id
    - clarity, temporal predictability, intensity, familiarity
  2. response selection
    - SR compatibility, spatial predictability, SR alternatives
  3. response programming
    - # of movement components, movement accuracy, movement duration
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46
Q

define memory

A

memory: the persistence of information that can be stored for future processing

47
Q

what are the different types of memory

A
  1. short term sensory store
  2. short term memory
  3. long term memory
48
Q

What are the characteristics of short term memory store?

A
  • rapid memory decay
  • accepts all stimulus information
  • limitless capacity
  • information is coded literally, with no meaning
  • holds information for about a second, and info is available to be “searched”
  • accuracy decreases the longer you wait to ask for recall
49
Q

what type of memory has limitless capacity

A

short term sensory store

50
Q

what type of memory has very literal coding of information

A

short term sensory store and long term memory

51
Q

what type of memory holds information for about a second

A

short term memory store

52
Q

is short term sensory store technically memory?

A
53
Q

what are the characteristics of short term memory?

A
  • rapid decay unless rehearsed
  • receives information from STSS and LTM
  • limited capacit ~7chunks, +-2
  • holds information for 1-60 seconds
  • involved in action planning and decision making
  • chunking
54
Q

what is chunking

A

chunking is a method of separating large pieces of information into smaller bits for better memory retention

55
Q

what type of memory is “chunking” associated with?

A

short term memory

56
Q

what are the characteristics of long term memory

A
  • resistant to decay
  • unlimited capacity
  • develops with practice
  • two types: declarative and procedural
57
Q

what are the two types of long term memory

A
  1. declarative
  2. procedural
58
Q

what is declarative long term memory?

A

declarative long term memory: a type of LTM that deals with explicit and verbal information. The knowledge can be consciously recalled, and requires controlled processing

59
Q

what is procedural long term memory

A

procedural LTM: a type of LTM that is implicit, dealing with knowledge that is not easily recalled and is non-conscious. Does not require controlled processing, and is automatic

60
Q

what kind of memory retains the rules of a sport?

A

LTM (declarative)

61
Q

what kind of memory retains knowledge of tying shoes or riding a bike?

A

LTM (procedural)

62
Q

What kind of sport uses all 3 memory types?

A

dynamic open sports

63
Q

define attention

A

attention: a cognitive resource for mental processes, related to how we select information to process

64
Q

what are some activities that take up a large portion of our attention?

A

driving or skating

65
Q

with less attention, what happens to task performance?

A

in most cases, it decreases

66
Q

what are the major characteristics of attention?

A
  1. limited and selective
  2. intentional or incidental
  3. directionally focused
67
Q

how do we measure selective attention?

A

via interference/secondary tasks and probe RT task method

68
Q

what are the different types of attention interferences (related to selective attention)

A
  1. structural interference: physically interfering tasks, where you physically cannot do two things at the same time
  2. capacity interference: mentally interfering tasks, where your brain divides its attention to two mentally demanding tasks
69
Q

what is an example of structural interference

A
70
Q

what is an example of capacity interference

A
  • reading letters on a screen while juggling
71
Q

what kind of interference is distracted driving?

A

capacity - we used to think that it was an issue of structural interference, but we found out that it is a huge interference in mental capacity

72
Q

what is the probe RT task method

A

a subject will perform a primary task, and at a strategic point, we will “probe” attention (measure attention) demanded in the primary task by presenting a secondary task. the reaction time to the secondary task is the measure of attention demanded by the primary????

73
Q

what time intervals of a movement are typically the most attention demanding

A

the beginning and the end of the movement. for example, penalty kicks at their start and end required the most attention

74
Q

what is the difference between intention or incidental attention?

A

intention is voluntary, controlled and conscious
incidental is involuntary, automatic and nonconscious

75
Q

Attention is directionally focused. what are the two directions?

A

internal: body focused
external: environment focused

76
Q

what is an example of tasks that cause both structural and capacity interference?

A

driving a car with a hand held phone or manually changing the radio

77
Q

what is an example of only capacity or structural interference when driving

A
  • listening to music (capacity)
  • using a hands free phone (structural)
  • talking to a passenger (capacity)
78
Q

Fakes in sport take advantage of what?

A

limited attention capacity

79
Q

can our attention change from intentional to incidental?

A

yes - we can decrease our need for intentional monitoring with practice, AKA automatic (incidental) processing.

80
Q

describe the characteristics of controlled intentional attention

A
  • intentional
  • slow
  • attention demanding
  • serial processing
81
Q

describe the characteristics of automatic processing

A
  • unintentional
  • fast
  • not attention demanding
  • parallel processing
  • common in skilled performers
82
Q

is controlled and automatic processing a type of intentional attention or incidental?

A

idk

83
Q

what are some examples of internally directed focus?

A
  • focusing on the swing of your arm in volleyball
  • associated with controlled processing and novices
  • internal instructions are worse than external instructions
  • related to choking under pressure in experts
84
Q

what are some examples of externally directed focus

A
  • focusing on task relevant effects
  • focusing on the path of the ball
  • associated with experts and automatic processing
85
Q

What is assumed to be the root of choking in sport?

A

thought to be a part of a direction of attention issue, where something that does not normally require much attention, shifts to controlled processing instead of automatic.
in summary a shift from external to internal performance

86
Q

Do novices or experts have lower attentional (internal) capacity?

A

novices

87
Q

how can we measure attention demands

A

secondary tasks

88
Q

who would show more cost interference from an internal focus to their foot in dribbling; experts or novices

A

experts. the movement is automatic for them, so when it is no longer automized, they have performance mistakes. theyre not used to intentional movement

89
Q

who would show more cost interference from monitoring what the experimenter or coach is saying while dribbling; experts or novices

A

novices. there is less attention available to hear what’s going on. experts are able to intently listen while they move automatically, while novices have to pay direct attention to both tasks

90
Q

novices generally show interference from secondary tasks, but when they need to maintain focus, there is ____

A

no interference

91
Q

experts generally have more attention capacity to direct secondary tasks, but when there is a shift in attention needed, there is _______

A

interference

92
Q

the stroop and cocktail party effect are evidence against blockage of what information processing stage

A

stimulus identification

93
Q

selective attention theories relate to what stages of information processing

A
  • response selection
  • stimulus identification blocks
94
Q

describe the theory behind stimulus identification blocks

A

once information is selected for processing, other information gets blocked. intentional selective processing blocks sensory processing of other information. we see this in the gorilla video

95
Q

what is some evidence for stimulus identification blocks

A

change blindness or attention blindness

96
Q

what is the stroop effect

A

discusses the idea that task irrelevant information is processed at SI stage, interfering with response selection. it shows that information can be processed in parallel at the SI stage, but not at response selection?

97
Q

describe the cocktail party effect

A

while attending to one stream of information, 33% of people can detect their own name in the unattended stream. even when were not attending, information gets through

98
Q

what is the dichotic listening paradigm?

A

it is a research tool to study what information gets through. we hear different information in each ear, and although we can only attend to one ear ata time, we unintentionally process information in the other ear to come up with something meaningful

99
Q

what kind of information gets through the filter in dichotic listening

A

only meaningful information

100
Q

what is the attentuation model of attention

A

i think it is the idea that information changes the interpretation of the ambiguous word. instead of a block, people discuss a leaky filter

101
Q

where does the leaky filter take place in information processing

A

stimulus identification

102
Q

what is the psychological refractory period

A

refers to attentional limitations in programming, and delays in closely spaced stimuli

103
Q

what is meant by attentional limitations in movement programming

A

essentially a bottleneck at the programming stage, where information can be processed in parallel but the attention needed to initiate movement is not. this suggests that we can only attend to some information in a serial fashion.

104
Q

Describe how delays occur in processing closely spaced stimuli

A

AKA double stimulation paradigm, it discusses how the first stimulus is processed, programs a response, and delays identification of the second stimulus

105
Q

What is PRP

A

psychological refractory period. it is the difference between the slope of RT2 and the control RT

106
Q

what is SOS

A

stimulus onset asynchrony, the difference between S1 and S2???

107
Q

something about SOA needing to be short enough for RT to S2

A
108
Q

How quick does SOA have to be to exploit the PRP of their opponent?

A

under 300ms

109
Q

Which stage of information processing is least affected by attention?

A

idk - maybe programming

110
Q

what is the grouping effect in PRP

A

SOAs which are shorter than 50ms get acted upon as though they are the same event, leading to a response in both

111
Q

early theorists proposed that attention caused a block during the _____ stage of information processing, later refined as a leaky filter

A

stimulus identification

112
Q

what effect was provided as evidence of an attention block at the stimulus id phase

A

inattention blindness (stroop and cocktail are AGAINST this)

113
Q

holding and drinking from canned soda through a straw can interfere with driving. what type of interference is primarily observed in the situation above?

A

structural

114
Q
A

kin 211 (3 decks)

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