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kin 211 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 subdisciplines in the field of motor behaviour

A
  1. motor control
  2. motor learning/skill acquisition
  3. motor development
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2
Q

define motor control

A

Motor control: the process by which the nervous system plans and executes movement

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3
Q

define motor learning

A

motor learning: the process by which relatively permanent changes result from practice and experience, inferred through changes in capability!

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4
Q

what cannot be directly observed, only inferred

A

motor learning

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5
Q

how are motor development and motor learning different

A

motor development is about change in behaviour due to aging, learning is not. Motor development can be directly observed, while motor learning is only inferred.

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6
Q

Motor behaviour is a consequence of what constraints?

A
  1. person
  2. task
  3. environment
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7
Q

what can be measured through observations? (behaviour or learning)

A

behaviour

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8
Q

what are some examples of person constraints?

A

shape, height, motivation, personality, weight

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9
Q

what are some examples of task constraints?

A

type of race/sport, competition, rules, coaches/instructors

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10
Q

what are some examples of environment constraints?

A

temperature, size of pool/field etc, weather, audience

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11
Q

with something like a soccer goalie, what are some examples of each of the three types of constraints?

A
  1. person - arm reach/length, height, age, motivation
  2. task - competition, rules…
  3. environment - audience, weather
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12
Q

Why do we study motor behaviour

A
  1. Helps to instruct and practice for the most efficient learning and performance
  2. Helps to understand why people act, and predict how they will act to prevent errors (work place safety)
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13
Q

What are the two types of methods used to study motor behaviour

A
  1. movement and eye tracking (video, 3D motion tracking, eye tracking)
  2. muscle and brain activity (EMG, EEG, fMRI is for function not activity?)
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14
Q

What is EMG?

A

electromyography: a measure of muscle activity that uses surface electrode recording to take index of electrical signals within muscle

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15
Q

What is EEG

A

electroencephalography: a measure of brain activity that uses surface electrodes that detect electrical signals

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16
Q

What are the advantages to EEG?

A

good temporal resolution allows us to see immediate changes

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17
Q

What are the disadvantages of EEG

A

Only captures activity at cortical surface, so it is spatially limited. We cannot see specific brain regions

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18
Q

What is fMRI

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging: a measure of brain function by examining blood flow to different areas of the brain

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19
Q

What signal does fMRI measure during activity?

A

BOLD = Blood oxygen level dependent

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20
Q

what are the advantages to fMRI

A

high spatial resolution

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21
Q

what are the disadvantages to fMRI

A

Not good temporal resolution and expensive

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22
Q

What is TMS

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a tool used to probe brain function **NOT a measure!

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23
Q

How does TMS work

A

It generates a pulsed magnetic field. Neurons in specific parts of the brain depolarize and hyperpolarize, either exciting (contraction) or inhibiting (causing temporary virtual lesions)

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24
Q

Why is it important to define and categorize skills?

A

because the type of skill impacts:
1. Measurements (how and what)
2. Instructions
3. Theories of motor control and learning

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25
Q

define a skill (as action/task)

A

skill (task): a goal directed task or action

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26
Q

Define a skill (performance indicator)

A

Skill (performance): the ability to bring about some
1. pre determined end result with
2. maximum certainty and
3. minimum outlay of energy/time

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27
Q

what are the criteria of a motor skill

A
  1. goal oriented
  2. voluntary
  3. body and or limb movements are required to accomplish the goal
  4. result of practice (needs to be relearned and learned)
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28
Q

What are the 3 types of motor skill classification systems

A
  1. size of musculature required (gross vs fine)
  2. time defined (discrete vs serial vs continuous)
  3. environment predictability (open vs closed)
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29
Q

how do we differentiate fine vs gross motor skills

A

fine: requires greater control of small muscles, typically precise skills
gross: requires greater control of large muscles, with less precision

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30
Q

why is it best to think of skills as a continuum?

A

because many motor skills require a coordination of different conditions! (large and small muscles for example)

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31
Q

What is discrete vs continuous task

A

Discrete has a well defined start and end (throwing, striking a match, shifting a gear)
continuous is ongoing (swimming, running etc)

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32
Q

What are critical questions to ask when classifying motor skills

A
  1. could the action be performed while large muscles are constrained?
  2. is there a clear beginning and end?
  3. does the performer initiate the action or respond to the environment
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33
Q

what is a serial skill

A

serial skill: a string of discrete skills that form a more complex action. order is important for success

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34
Q

What is a closed motor skill

A
  1. stable and predictable environment
  2. object does not change during performance
  3. self-paced. performer controls the situation (object is acted upon and the context does not change)
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35
Q

What is an open motor skill

A
  1. unpredictable, changing environment
  2. object or context is in motion during performance
  3. externally paced. performer responds to the environment
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36
Q

what are some examples of closed vs open motor skills

A

closed: archer
semi predictable: slacklining
open: wrestling

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37
Q

how can we change baseball into a closed motor skill?

A

T ball

38
Q

how can we measure skills from a performance perspective?

A
  1. speed
  2. accuracy
  3. consistency
  4. process
39
Q

what are characteristics of proficiency

A

max speed and accuracy

40
Q

what different components do we measure when looking at speed?

A
  1. reaction time
  2. movement time
  3. total response time
41
Q

define reaction time

A

reaction time: the interval between presentation of unanticipated stimulus and the beginning of the response

42
Q

define movement time

A

movement time: the interval reflecting the movement from initiation to end. It reflects the time to transport the limb

43
Q

define total response time

A

Response time: the interval including reaction time and movement time, from unanticipated stimulus to end of movement

44
Q

When measuring reaction time, why is it important to have an unanticipated stimulus?

A

Unanticipated means that you get a “purer” reaction time that encompasses all of the cognitive processing time. With anticipated, you have a minor level of processing before measurement, and you lose that data

45
Q

How can we measure response time?

A

EMG, video, etc.

46
Q

In a race, is the “go” gun usually the only signal given in a race?

A

No! There is also the cue of other runners. Their movement signifies that the race has begun

47
Q

Which measure, RT or MT will give us most insight into the time to process information?

A

reaction time, as it represents the cognitive processing of information, while movement time represents the physical reaction post CNS planning and execution

48
Q

What is the order of the events and key terms when measuring response time

A

warning stimulus to get ready, foreperiod, go stimulus, reaction time, start point, movement response, end point

49
Q

what is the foreperiod?

A

the interval between the warning stimulus and the go stimulus

50
Q

Reaction time is the measure of what?

A

information processing time

51
Q

movement time is the measure of what?

A

limb transport time

52
Q

What is the reaction time interval

A

the time between the go stimulus and start of movementwh

53
Q

what is the interval for movement time

A

the time between movement start and end

54
Q

what is the interval for response time

A

the time between go stimulus and movement end (+foreperiod)

55
Q

How can the EMG break up reaction time?

A

It can show us the individual signals and contractions of muscle, so we can see the exact moment we get an efferent signal to initate movement

56
Q

What is EMG

A

EMG is a recording of electrical activity in muscle/groups of muscles

57
Q

What are the spikes in EMG readings?

A

represents motor neuron activity, aka muscle contraction

58
Q

what is the interval for central processing time when using EMG?

A

essential the reaction time interval, after the go stimulus and before EMG activity

59
Q

What is the difference between pre-motor RT and motor RT

A

pre motor RT is a purer measure of information processing time. The delay between go and EMG activity

60
Q

What is error score?

A

it is a measure that provides information about performance accuracy, bias and consistency

61
Q

What is absolute error

A

absolute error: how far a person was from the target

62
Q

what measures of error are absolute? Which are not?

A

absolute = AE, VE, RE, not = CE

63
Q

What is mean absolute error? What is its equation?

A

Mean AE: mean error score across a series of trials.
AE = sum of I xi-T I / n

64
Q

What is constant error?

A

constant error: a measure of how far away from the target and which direction. Represents directional bias

65
Q

What is mean CE? What is its equation?

A

mean CE: represents average magnitude and deviation
Mean CE = sum (xi-T)/n

66
Q

What is variable error?

A

variable error: the spread of scores about your own average score OR the spread of errors around your own average error

67
Q

What is radial error?

A

radial error: radial distance from the target

68
Q

What is mean RE? What is its equation?

A

Mean RE: mean error score for person across series of trials.
RE = square root (x^2+y^2)

69
Q

In continuous tasks, where the goal is to stay within a target zone, what is the performance measure used?

A

absolute error

70
Q

What is kinematics?

A

kinematics: observed when something changes over time, and not just the end result

71
Q

what is EG?

A

i think a goniometer

72
Q

what are the types of kinematic measures? define each

A

displacement: change in spatial position in one or more dimensions over time
velocity: rate of change in spatial position in one or more dimensions over time
acceleration: change in velocity in one or more dimensions over time

73
Q

When does peak velocity occur in a movement?

A

in smooth movements, peak velocity occurs halfway through movement. PV corresponds to 0.0 acceleration

74
Q

What is secondary acceleration? What would it look like on a graph (acceleration and time), along with deceleration?

A

secondary acceleration: represents corrections to the original movement?
look up graph in notes

75
Q

Define computations in kinesiology terms

A

Computations: what takes place between a stimulus and a response

76
Q

what is the information processing approach?

A

It follows the idea that internal and external input comes to the performer, processed, and then results in some output.

77
Q

What are the fundamental assumptions of the information processing approach?

A
  1. processing slows us down
  2. deciding how to act slows us down
  3. planning a complex response slows us down
78
Q

what are the 3 stages behind response execution?

A
  1. stimulus identification (detect and discriminate)
  2. Response selection
  3. Response programming
79
Q

what is mental chronometry

A

it measures the speed with which the brain processes information through comparisons of different RT situations

80
Q

Describe the types of RT task, and how many response s and stimuli they each have

A

simple = 1 stimulus, 1 response
choice = 1+ stimuli, 1+ responses
discriminative = 1+ stimulus, 1 response

81
Q

Describe the stages within each type of RT task

A

simple = detect + program
choice = detect + discriminate + select + program
discriminative = detect + discriminate + program

82
Q

what is subtractive logic

A

the logic is that if we know the RTs for two tasks, we can calculate the time for any of the individual stages

83
Q

what assumption can be made from the subtractive method?

A

we assume that the information processing stages are independent and hence serial in nature

84
Q

performing the triple jump is what type of skill?

A

serial (discrete)

85
Q

riding a BMX bike is open or closed?

A

mostly open and some closed

86
Q

what equipment is needed to measure premotor RT

A

EMG

87
Q

constant error is best defined as a measure of…

A

bias

88
Q

what stage is missing when going from SRT to a go/nogo RT task?

A

stimulus discrimination

89
Q

according to hick’s law, rt increases at a constant amount every time the number of sr alternatives is …

A

doubled

90
Q

reaction time _____ as the intensity of the stimulus _____

A

decreases, increases

91
Q

does variability of the foreperiod in a RT situation affect spatial anticipation?

A

no - it affects temporal anticipation… when

92
Q
A

kin 211 (3 decks)

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