Module 2

Question 1

It is a fact that has been verified.

Answer 1

Truth

Question 2

Clear awareness and understanding of something.

Answer 2

Knowledge

Question 3

Propositions of statements which are observed to be real or truthful.

Answer 3

Facts

Question 4

Further examination is required to establish whether it is true or false.

Answer 4

Claim

Question 5

Enumerate the 3 theories of Truth.

Answer 5

Correspondence Theory
Coherence Theory
Pragmatic Theory

Question 6

States that a proposition is true if it is corresponding to the facts.

Example: “The snow is white.”

Answer 6

Correspondence Theory.

Question 7

States that if a proposition coheres with all the other propositions taken to be true, then it is true.

The snow is white; snow is frozen water, frozen water is ice

Answer 7

Coherence Theory

Question 8

States that a proposition is true if it is useful to believe.

Example: “The sun is a star”. This is important for scientists and cosmologists to make conclusions regarding the earth and outer space.

Answer 8

Pragmatic Theory

Question 9

Enumerate the 3 perspectives regarding truth.

Answer 9

1. A belief is true if it can be justified or proven using one’s senses
2. A belief of statement is true if it is based on facts
3. Getting a consensus/having people agree on a common belief.

Question 10

A process of determining truth of knowledge through experimentation. inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing.

Answer 10

Scientific Method

Question 11

This intends not to convey new truth but only as a guide to arriving at the truth.

Answer 11

Socratic Method

Question 12

A discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth though reasoned methods of argumentation.

Answer 12

Dialectic Method

Question 13

The ability to engage in reflective and independent thinking.
The careful, reflective, rational, and systematic approach to questions of interest.

Answer 13

Critical Thinking

Question 14

A series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.

Answer 14

Argument

Question 15

These arguments base themselves on faulty reasoning, intentional or not, as the person may be desperate to convince someone to accept their argument.

Answer 15

Fallacies

Question 16

Attacking the person instead of the argument.

Answer 16

Ad hominem

Question 17

Using the threat of force/undesireable event to advance an argument

Answer 17

Ad baculum (Appeal to force)

Question 18

Using emotion such as pity or sympathy

Answer 18

Ad misericordiam (Appeal to emotions)

Question 19

The idea is presented to be acceptable because many people accept it

Answer 19

Ad populum (Appeal to the majority)

Question 20

The idea is accepted because it has been true for a long time.

Answer 20

Ad antiquities (Appeal to tradition)

Question 21

It assumes that what is true for a part of it, is true for the whole.

Answer 21

Fallacy of Composition

Question 22

Assuming that what is true for the whole/majority, is true for its parts.

Answer 22

Fallacy of Division

Question 23

Assumes that the idea that is being proven is true - also known as circular argument

Answer 23

Petitio principi

Question 24

Assuming a cause and effect relationship between two completely unrelated events

Answer 24

Post hoc (cause-and-effect)