Module 2 Flashcards
It is a fact that has been verified.
Truth
Clear awareness and understanding of something.
Knowledge
Propositions of statements which are observed to be real or truthful.
Facts
Further examination is required to establish whether it is true or false.
Claim
Enumerate the 3 theories of Truth.
Correspondence Theory
Coherence Theory
Pragmatic Theory
States that a proposition is true if it is corresponding to the facts.
Example: “The snow is white.”
Correspondence Theory.
States that if a proposition coheres with all the other propositions taken to be true, then it is true.
The snow is white; snow is frozen water, frozen water is ice
Coherence Theory
States that a proposition is true if it is useful to believe.
Example: “The sun is a star”. This is important for scientists and cosmologists to make conclusions regarding the earth and outer space.
Pragmatic Theory
Enumerate the 3 perspectives regarding truth.
- A belief is true if it can be justified or proven using one’s senses
- A belief of statement is true if it is based on facts
- Getting a consensus/having people agree on a common belief.
A process of determining truth of knowledge through experimentation. inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing.
Scientific Method
This intends not to convey new truth but only as a guide to arriving at the truth.
Socratic Method
A discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth though reasoned methods of argumentation.
Dialectic Method
The ability to engage in reflective and independent thinking.
The careful, reflective, rational, and systematic approach to questions of interest.
Critical Thinking
A series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.
Argument
These arguments base themselves on faulty reasoning, intentional or not, as the person may be desperate to convince someone to accept their argument.
Fallacies
Attacking the person instead of the argument.
Ad hominem
Using the threat of force/undesireable event to advance an argument
Ad baculum (Appeal to force)
Using emotion such as pity or sympathy
Ad misericordiam (Appeal to emotions)
The idea is presented to be acceptable because many people accept it
Ad populum (Appeal to the majority)
The idea is accepted because it has been true for a long time.
Ad antiquities (Appeal to tradition)
It assumes that what is true for a part of it, is true for the whole.
Fallacy of Composition
Assuming that what is true for the whole/majority, is true for its parts.
Fallacy of Division
Assumes that the idea that is being proven is true - also known as circular argument
Petitio principi
Assuming a cause and effect relationship between two completely unrelated events
Post hoc (cause-and-effect)
