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History of Graphic Design > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Illuminated manuscripts (the early ones) were made via the printing press.

A

FALSE: Illuminated manuscripts are made by hand.

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2
Q

What are the main color pigments of the Illuminated Manuscript?

A

gold, blue, red

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3
Q

What were the binding mediums of powdery pigments used in IM?

A

Honey or earwax
Egg-tempera
Gum-arabica

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4
Q

What was the most expensive color pigment and what material did it come from?

A

Blue; lapis lazuli

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4
Q

What is the oldest sources from the text of the Aeneid?

A

Vergilius Vaticanus (Vatican Virgil)

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5
Q

What is the oldest surviving illustrated codices on any subject

A

Vergilius Vaticanus (Vatican Virgil)

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6
Q

What design was used in IM?

A

Celtic design

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7
Q

Describe the Celtic design.

A

Abstract, complex
Bright pure colors
Geometric linear patterns

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8
Q

Where was the Celtic design used (aside from IM)?

A

monastic scriptoria

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9
Q

What Book adapted the Celtic design and what Gospel?

A

Book of Drurow - Gospel of Mark

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10
Q

Name one of the most famous surviving illustrated codex books.

A

Book of Kells

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11
Q

How many Gospels are in the Book of Kells?

A

Four Gospels

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12
Q

What codex/book uses gold and silver in their decorations?

A

Codex Aureus/Golden Book

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13
Q

What is the term to refer to the non-representation of living beings?

A

Aniconism

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14
Q

What stopped the spread of the Islam manuscript?

A

Ottoman expansion

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15
Q

Who worked on books in the church (scriptorium)?

A

Clergy

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16
Q

Who wrote the manuscripts?

A

Scribes

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17
Q

What were punctuation marks originally used for?

A

Indicate pauses for speakers

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18
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: During the time of the illuminated manuscripts, there was no finalized and standardized punctuation mark usage.

A

TRUE

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19
Q

Who does the decorative initial

A

Illustrator

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20
Q

What is the term to describe, “Arranging letters that begin with a large capital and progressively smaller letters”

A

Diminuendo

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21
Q

What would be done if there are spaces in lines that are too short?

A

Fill with decorative device

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22
Q

What marks the start of the paragraph?

A

Pilcrow

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23
Q

What is the written commentary accompanying the text found between the pines or arranged as a frame outside the content?

A

Gloss

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24
Q

What is the notation at the end of a book that includes information?

A

Colophon

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25
Q

What does the colophon contain?

A

Scribe
Scriptorium
Patron of the work
Date

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26
Q

Who is acknowledged as one of the very first attempts at a printing press?

A

Johannes Gutenberg

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27
Q

What did Gutenberg print?

A

Vulgate

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28
Q

Who was Gutenberg’s financer, that invested in him twice?

A

Johann Fust

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29
Q

What was the result of the design of Gutenberg’s printing press in terms of text?

A

Cutting-edge technology that is a much smaller version that pressed ink on paper using metal typefaces

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30
Q

Why did Gutenberg want to sell the Vulgate at a high price?

A

He desired to mimic the quality of an illuminated manuscript

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31
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Gutenberg was able to bounce back after being sued by Fust.

A

FALSE

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32
Q

Who is Gutenberg’s assistant and Fust’s son-in-law that became a printing firm?

A

Schoeffer

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33
Q

What was the masterpiece that the Fust-Schoeffer printing press sold?

A

Latin Psalter

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34
Q

The Latin Psalter was the first book with what?

A

Printer’s trademark
Imprint
Publication Date
Printed Colophon

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35
Q

How many colors were used in the Latin Psalter?

A

three colored ink

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36
Q

What is the other first book printed besides from the Vulgate?

A

Jikji from Korea

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37
Q

What is any book, single sheet, or image printed before 1501 in Europe?

A

Incunabula

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38
Q

What are words and lines of text bound together as a page?

A

Forme

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39
Q

What is the craft of cutting letter punches in steel from which matrices were made from?

A

Punch cutting

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40
Q

What do you call the handwritten scripts of the Middle Ages?

A

Blackletter

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41
Q

What typeface replaced Gutenberg’s textura?

A

Schwabacher

42
Q

What became the standard typeface for publishing?

A

Fraktur

43
Q

What did Gutenberg used for ink?

A

Boiled listen old colored with lampblack

44
Q

What is one of the richest centers in Europe?

A

Nuremberg

45
Q

Who was Germany’s most esteemed printer?

A

Anton Koberger

46
Q

What were the typefaces for the body text of the Korberger Bible?

A

Rotunda - Latin
Schwabacher - German
Lombardic font - headings and initials

47
Q

What language was the Nuremberg Chronicle written in?

A

Latin

48
Q

Who is the writer of the Nuremberg Chronicle?

A

Hartmann Schedel

49
Q

Who owned the only print shop in Venice during the Renaissance period?

A

Johannes de Spira

50
Q

Who established presses in Venice and is given credit for contributing to typesettings and punchcutting?

A

Nicolas Jenson

51
Q

Who established the Aldin Printing Press in Venice?

A

Aldus Manutius

52
Q

What did Manutius print in his printing press?

A

His own versions of Greek and Roman literature

53
Q

What did Manutius revolutionalize?

A

small-format books
proportions between fonts
white borders
adding page numbers

54
Q

Who reused the style of illuminated manuscripts in terms of starting font?

A

Erhard Ratdolt

55
Q

Who is renowned for his woodcut prints, specifically about topics on revelations and doomsday?

A

Albrecht Durer

56
Q

Who applied Da Vinci’s proportions of the human body into typefaces?

A

Albrecht Durer

57
Q

Who introduced the apostrophe, accent, and cedilla in the French language?

A

Geoffroy Tory

58
Q

How did Geoffroy Troy create his drawing decors for the Book of Hours?

A

woodblock printing

59
Q

Who wrote the book establishing French grammar?

A

Champfleury

60
Q

Who is the first punch cutter to work independently of printing firms?

A

Claude Garamond

61
Q

How was Gothic fonts eliminated in Europe ( besides Germany)?

A

Garamond established his foundry.

62
Q

Describe the design of the Rococo Period.

A

S and C curves with nature inspirations
Very flamboyant design

63
Q

What is the Romain du Roi?

A

It increased contrast between thick and thin strokes with sharper horizontal serifs, balancing each letterform.

64
Q

Who is in charge of the standardization and proportions for type?

A

Pierre Simon Fournier le Jeune

65
Q

How does engraving work?

A

Drawing was made with a graver as a drawing tool, smooth copperplate as substrate.

66
Q

Who is the Universal Penman?

A

George Bickham the Elder

67
Q

Who created the 1737 Opera Horatii using copperplate engraving technique?

A

John Pine

68
Q

What ended the Rococo Period?

A

French Revolution: masses did not resonate with the style

69
Q

What was the most powerful force during the Industrial Period?

A

Capitalism

70
Q

Who was the inventor of the steam-powered engine?

A

James Watt

71
Q

What did the social shift include?

A

Overpopulation
Depression
Economic and financial failures
Child labor

72
Q

What is the font of the Declaration of Independence?

A

Caslon

73
Q

How did the Egyptian typefaces come to be?

A

People were getting stuff from Egypt and putting them in European museums.

74
Q

What is the first sans-serif in Latin letters?

A

Caslon Egyptian

75
Q

What are the characteristics of transitional fonts?

A

Almost vertical serifs
Almost vertical stress in lowercase
Greater contrast in vertical strokes

76
Q

What do you call those who distribute and sell their own fonts?

A

Type Foundries

77
Q

Who created the Didone typeface?

A

Firmin Didot

78
Q

Describe the Didone typeface.

A

Extreme contrats between thick and thin strokes, very thin serifs, vertical axis for bowls of lowercase letters

79
Q

What were fat fonts used for?

A

Poster design

80
Q

What kind of poster was used to display typefaces for circuses, troops, railways, etc.?

A

Wood type poster

81
Q

Who put up the Fann Street Foundry?

A

Robert Thorn and Vincent Figgins

82
Q

Describe the typeface used by the Fann Street Foundry.

A

Extreme differences between stems and diagonal strokes from serifs which were practically hairline

83
Q

What font has a square but bracketed serif that’s super low contrast?

A

Clarendon

84
Q

What chemical process includes an image on a stone plate by using pen/crayon/pencil?

A

Lithography

85
Q

Who invented Lithography?

A

Alois Senefelder

86
Q

Original purpose of lithography

A

Make copies of musical notations

87
Q

Why is Louis Prang the Father of the American Christimas Card?

A

Mass-produced greeting cards with illustrations

88
Q

This process gave the capability to print multicolored images and is used in packaging design.

A

Chromolitography

89
Q

Who patented chromolitography?

A

Godfroy Engelmann

90
Q

What did Mo Zi discover in photography?

A

Principles of optics
Camera obscura
Pinhole camera

91
Q

Who was the first person who attempted to take a real photograph?

A

Thomas Wedgewood

92
Q

How did Thomas Wedgewood capture an image?

A

Camera obscura using a light sensitive substance

93
Q

What was the pieceof Joseph Nicephor Niépce that was made by 8 hours of exposure to bright sunlight?

A

View from the Window at le Gras

94
Q

Who did the first permanent photo etching?

A

Joseph Nicephor Niépce

95
Q

Who discovered to make a photo permanent and coined the term photography?

A

John Herschel

96
Q

What was the fixer that Herschel discover for photos?

A

sodium thiosulfate

97
Q

Who invented the Daguerreotype?

A

Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre

98
Q

Describe the Daguerreotype.

A

Meter-wide box
Sit in for hours

99
Q

What did William Fox Talbot discover in photography?

A

Using silver nitrite

100
Q

Who invented the Kodak camera?

A

Gorge Eastman

101
Q

What did Eastman use instead of photographic plates?

A

Film system

102
Q

What was photography in printing initially used for?

A

Reference for illustrators to capture events.

103
Q

What did the printing technology of halftone use?

A

Woodcuts: number of dots and spaces create illusions of depth, saturation, hues

History of Graphic Design (3 decks)

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