Module 2 Flashcards
TRUE OR FALSE: Illuminated manuscripts (the early ones) were made via the printing press.
FALSE: Illuminated manuscripts are made by hand.
What are the main color pigments of the Illuminated Manuscript?
gold, blue, red
What were the binding mediums of powdery pigments used in IM?
Honey or earwax
Egg-tempera
Gum-arabica
What was the most expensive color pigment and what material did it come from?
Blue; lapis lazuli
What is the oldest sources from the text of the Aeneid?
Vergilius Vaticanus (Vatican Virgil)
What is the oldest surviving illustrated codices on any subject
Vergilius Vaticanus (Vatican Virgil)
What design was used in IM?
Celtic design
Describe the Celtic design.
Abstract, complex
Bright pure colors
Geometric linear patterns
Where was the Celtic design used (aside from IM)?
monastic scriptoria
What Book adapted the Celtic design and what Gospel?
Book of Drurow - Gospel of Mark
Name one of the most famous surviving illustrated codex books.
Book of Kells
How many Gospels are in the Book of Kells?
Four Gospels
What codex/book uses gold and silver in their decorations?
Codex Aureus/Golden Book
What is the term to refer to the non-representation of living beings?
Aniconism
What stopped the spread of the Islam manuscript?
Ottoman expansion
Who worked on books in the church (scriptorium)?
Clergy
Who wrote the manuscripts?
Scribes
What were punctuation marks originally used for?
Indicate pauses for speakers
TRUE OR FALSE: During the time of the illuminated manuscripts, there was no finalized and standardized punctuation mark usage.
TRUE
Who does the decorative initial
Illustrator
What is the term to describe, “Arranging letters that begin with a large capital and progressively smaller letters”
Diminuendo
What would be done if there are spaces in lines that are too short?
Fill with decorative device
What marks the start of the paragraph?
Pilcrow
What is the written commentary accompanying the text found between the pines or arranged as a frame outside the content?
Gloss
What is the notation at the end of a book that includes information?
Colophon
What does the colophon contain?
Scribe
Scriptorium
Patron of the work
Date
Who is acknowledged as one of the very first attempts at a printing press?
Johannes Gutenberg
What did Gutenberg print?
Vulgate
Who was Gutenberg’s financer, that invested in him twice?
Johann Fust
What was the result of the design of Gutenberg’s printing press in terms of text?
Cutting-edge technology that is a much smaller version that pressed ink on paper using metal typefaces
Why did Gutenberg want to sell the Vulgate at a high price?
He desired to mimic the quality of an illuminated manuscript
TRUE OR FALSE: Gutenberg was able to bounce back after being sued by Fust.
FALSE
Who is Gutenberg’s assistant and Fust’s son-in-law that became a printing firm?
Schoeffer
What was the masterpiece that the Fust-Schoeffer printing press sold?
Latin Psalter
The Latin Psalter was the first book with what?
Printer’s trademark
Imprint
Publication Date
Printed Colophon
How many colors were used in the Latin Psalter?
three colored ink
What is the other first book printed besides from the Vulgate?
Jikji from Korea
What is any book, single sheet, or image printed before 1501 in Europe?
Incunabula
What are words and lines of text bound together as a page?
Forme
What is the craft of cutting letter punches in steel from which matrices were made from?
Punch cutting
What do you call the handwritten scripts of the Middle Ages?
Blackletter
What typeface replaced Gutenberg’s textura?
Schwabacher
What became the standard typeface for publishing?
Fraktur
What did Gutenberg used for ink?
Boiled listen old colored with lampblack
What is one of the richest centers in Europe?
Nuremberg
Who was Germany’s most esteemed printer?
Anton Koberger
What were the typefaces for the body text of the Korberger Bible?
Rotunda - Latin
Schwabacher - German
Lombardic font - headings and initials
What language was the Nuremberg Chronicle written in?
Latin
Who is the writer of the Nuremberg Chronicle?
Hartmann Schedel
Who owned the only print shop in Venice during the Renaissance period?
Johannes de Spira
Who established presses in Venice and is given credit for contributing to typesettings and punchcutting?
Nicolas Jenson
Who established the Aldin Printing Press in Venice?
Aldus Manutius
What did Manutius print in his printing press?
His own versions of Greek and Roman literature
What did Manutius revolutionalize?
small-format books
proportions between fonts
white borders
adding page numbers
Who reused the style of illuminated manuscripts in terms of starting font?
Erhard Ratdolt
Who is renowned for his woodcut prints, specifically about topics on revelations and doomsday?
Albrecht Durer
Who applied Da Vinci’s proportions of the human body into typefaces?
Albrecht Durer
Who introduced the apostrophe, accent, and cedilla in the French language?
Geoffroy Tory
How did Geoffroy Troy create his drawing decors for the Book of Hours?
woodblock printing
Who wrote the book establishing French grammar?
Champfleury
Who is the first punch cutter to work independently of printing firms?
Claude Garamond
How was Gothic fonts eliminated in Europe ( besides Germany)?
Garamond established his foundry.
Describe the design of the Rococo Period.
S and C curves with nature inspirations
Very flamboyant design
What is the Romain du Roi?
It increased contrast between thick and thin strokes with sharper horizontal serifs, balancing each letterform.
Who is in charge of the standardization and proportions for type?
Pierre Simon Fournier le Jeune
How does engraving work?
Drawing was made with a graver as a drawing tool, smooth copperplate as substrate.
Who is the Universal Penman?
George Bickham the Elder
Who created the 1737 Opera Horatii using copperplate engraving technique?
John Pine
What ended the Rococo Period?
French Revolution: masses did not resonate with the style
What was the most powerful force during the Industrial Period?
Capitalism
Who was the inventor of the steam-powered engine?
James Watt
What did the social shift include?
Overpopulation
Depression
Economic and financial failures
Child labor
What is the font of the Declaration of Independence?
Caslon
How did the Egyptian typefaces come to be?
People were getting stuff from Egypt and putting them in European museums.
What is the first sans-serif in Latin letters?
Caslon Egyptian
What are the characteristics of transitional fonts?
Almost vertical serifs
Almost vertical stress in lowercase
Greater contrast in vertical strokes
What do you call those who distribute and sell their own fonts?
Type Foundries
Who created the Didone typeface?
Firmin Didot
Describe the Didone typeface.
Extreme contrats between thick and thin strokes, very thin serifs, vertical axis for bowls of lowercase letters
What were fat fonts used for?
Poster design
What kind of poster was used to display typefaces for circuses, troops, railways, etc.?
Wood type poster
Who put up the Fann Street Foundry?
Robert Thorn and Vincent Figgins
Describe the typeface used by the Fann Street Foundry.
Extreme differences between stems and diagonal strokes from serifs which were practically hairline
What font has a square but bracketed serif that’s super low contrast?
Clarendon
What chemical process includes an image on a stone plate by using pen/crayon/pencil?
Lithography
Who invented Lithography?
Alois Senefelder
Original purpose of lithography
Make copies of musical notations
Why is Louis Prang the Father of the American Christimas Card?
Mass-produced greeting cards with illustrations
This process gave the capability to print multicolored images and is used in packaging design.
Chromolitography
Who patented chromolitography?
Godfroy Engelmann
What did Mo Zi discover in photography?
Principles of optics
Camera obscura
Pinhole camera
Who was the first person who attempted to take a real photograph?
Thomas Wedgewood
How did Thomas Wedgewood capture an image?
Camera obscura using a light sensitive substance
What was the pieceof Joseph Nicephor Niépce that was made by 8 hours of exposure to bright sunlight?
View from the Window at le Gras
Who did the first permanent photo etching?
Joseph Nicephor Niépce
Who discovered to make a photo permanent and coined the term photography?
John Herschel
What was the fixer that Herschel discover for photos?
sodium thiosulfate
Who invented the Daguerreotype?
Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre
Describe the Daguerreotype.
Meter-wide box
Sit in for hours
What did William Fox Talbot discover in photography?
Using silver nitrite
Who invented the Kodak camera?
Gorge Eastman
What did Eastman use instead of photographic plates?
Film system
What was photography in printing initially used for?
Reference for illustrators to capture events.
What did the printing technology of halftone use?
Woodcuts: number of dots and spaces create illusions of depth, saturation, hues
