Module 1 Flashcards
Earliest VERSION of written communication
pictures and simple images
What groups used CAVE PAINTINGS in early society?
elders, leaders, shamans
Who said that “…paintings as hunting magic, meant to increase the number of animals…”
Abbe Breuil
What were used by humans to mark the walls of caves?
- Charcoal
- Iron oxide
- Manganese oxide
- Yellow ochre
- Hematite mixed with animal fat
Concept, object, activity, place, or event via ILLUSTRATION
pictogram
Graphical symbol representing an IDEA rather than a group of letters
ideogram
Single grapheme representing a word or a morpheme (unit of language); combined with other symbols to make a coherent thought
logogram
Image that actually represents a word or parts of words; uses sounds of word-image relationships
rebus
Fertile Crescent; now known as Iraq
Mesopotamia
Who made the CUNEIFORM
Sumerians
Used ideographs and iconography to represent abstract concepts; used pictures to represent sound
Cuneiform
Consisted of pictograms that depicted objects or beings combined together to designate ideas, phonograms denote sounds, and determinatives to identify categories
Hieroglyphs
What are hieroglyphs mostly used for?
Religious purposes
What groups of people in Egypt were allowed to use hieroglyphs?
Royalty and religious figures
What are the three languages in the Rosetta Stone?
Ancient Egypt hieroglyphs
Egyptian demotic script
Greek
Who realized that the Rosetta Stone text was a translation of each other?
Jean-François Champollion
What empire further developed the Phoenician Alphabet?
European Empire
What is the source of all modern scripts in Europe that uses geometric structure and order to letters
Greek alphabet
Rounder writing system
uncial
What language was made entirely out of consonants and was the basis of the Greek Alphabet?
Phoenician Alphabet
What empire used the Greek Alphabet as a foundation of their uppercase alphabet?
Roman Empire
Origin of Roman serifs
Believed that is where the chiseled mark begins and where the letter ends
Imaginary line that the letters would “sit” upon
that created a more uniformed, clean aesthetic
baseline
Written carefully and slowly with a flat pen with stately proportions and clear legibility
Capitalis Quadrata
Condensed letterforms that were written quickly and saved some space
Capitalis Rustica
Why was the Capitalis Rustica created?
Done due to expensive parchment and papyrus
What is the precursor to lowercase letters?
Miniscule Letters
What was the alphabet used by the Arams that is read right to left?
Aram/Aramaic Alphabet
Where did the Aramaic alphabet deviate from?
Northern Semitic Script
What was the evolution of the Aramaic alphabet?
Ancient Aramaic
Official/Royal Aramaic (Asyrian)
Aramaic Alphabet
What is the basis of written languages/alphabets such as pi and baybayin ?
Sanskrit
How many consonants does the Hebrew alphabet have?
22 consonants (dashes and dots to indicate vowel sounds)
Who created the concept of zero?
Arabia
What is the sheet-like writing substrate created by reeds across the Nile River?
Papyrus
Who owned the papyrus in the ancient times?
Rich and/or the government
What is the South Asian version of the papyrus?
Palm Leaf manuscript
What are some problems with the palm leaf manuscript?
Fragile, crumbling, rots
What kind of material is used to create parchment?
Skin of young sheep or goat
What is parchment cured in to preserve it and remove its hair?
Brine
What writing substrate is made from the skin of CALVES?
Vellum
What is the best writing substrate?
Vellum
Where did paper originate from?
China
Who is credited as the inventor of paper?
Cai Lun
What is the name of the battle between the Ottoman Empire and Tang Dynasty that caused paper-making accessible out of China?
The Battle of Talas
Out of China, where was paper first produced?
Baghdad, Iran
Where is the first paper mill in Europe?
Fabriano, Italy
What has a reusable writing surface that can be “erased” by flattening the wax with the flat ends of a stylus?
Wax tablets
What is the first manuscript form?
Scrolls
Text is written on one side and divide up into readable sections
Paginae
What describes the content of script in scrolls?
Titulus
What is the precursor of the normal book?
Paginae
Folded into half, four pages back-to-back, bound at the back; used for Christian documents
Codex
Old printing technique used to duplicate documents
Xylography
What is one of the oldest texts created that was made for universal distribution that had illustrations?
Dharani sutra
What is a famous Japanese xylography?
Great Wave off Kanagawa - Hokusai
What was xylography usually used for in Europe?
Religious illustrations
What is one of the first mass-produced products in Europe using its respective xylography?
Playing cards for gambling
Who had the idea to mass produce playing cards?
Duke of Milan
Collection of prints were called…?
blocok book, xylographica
What book was created during the Black Plague
andthe Dark Ages
Book showing that you have to pay tithe so that you would go to Heaven
Ars Moriendi (The Art of Dying)
