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Honors Appreciation of Music > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Middle Ages

A

476-1450

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2
Q

Renaissance

A

1450-1600

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3
Q

Baroque

A

1600-1750

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4
Q

Who is Pope Gregory and what did he do?

A

He is a pope and he came up with Gregorian Chant through a bird landing on his shoulder aka God

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5
Q

Who is Hildegard and what did she do?

A

She was the first female composer and she wrote Alleluia, O virga mediatrix (responsorial)

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6
Q

Plainchant

A

Gregorian Chant

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of plainchant?

A
  • Monophonic
  • Narrow range
  • Smooth wavelike contours
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8
Q

Where was knowledge preserved in the Middle Ages?

A

Monasteries

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9
Q

Do we have surviving sacred or secular printed music from the Middle Ages?

A

No, printing press was not invented

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10
Q

What did polyphony require in order to develop?

A

Multiple voices

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11
Q

Why is Hildegard’s Alleluia not “Gregorian” chant?

A
  • It wasn’t Pope Gregory’s music
  • She was a woman
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12
Q

Do instruments accompany the sacred, vocal music of the Middle Ages and Renaissance? Why?

A

No, a capella

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13
Q

What is the first major center of polyphony?

A

Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France

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14
Q

What are Leonin’s accomplishments?

A
  • First to use organum
  • Developed polyphony
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15
Q

Who are troubadours?

A
  • French-poet musicians
  • Flourished at various aristocratic courts of Europe
  • From southern France
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16
Q

What type of language(s) used in secular, vocal music?

A

Native tongues (vernacular)

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17
Q

What is the language of the church?

A

Latin

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18
Q

Who is Martin Luther and why is he important to history?

A

Augustinian monk who posted the Ninety-Five Theses causing the Reformation

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19
Q

Why is Martin Luther important to music?

A
  • He believed in monophonic congregational singing in the vernacular
  • He encouraged polyphonic worship music
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20
Q

How was Protestant singing different from that of the Catholic Church?

A
  • Vernacular text
  • Congregational singing
  • Psalms
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21
Q

What was the outcome of the Council of Trent as it applies to music making?

A
  • Favored pure vocal style
  • Integrity of sacred texts
  • Avoid virtuosity
  • Encourage piety
  • Return to Gregorian Chant (abolish polyphony)
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22
Q

Why was Palestrina important?

A
  • Created a mass that was a compromise of both views
  • Saved Catholic Mass
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23
Q

Where did madrigals develop?

A

Italy

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24
Q

What did music amateurs perform during the Renaissance?

A

Madrigals

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25
Q

Did England adopt the Italian madrigal?

A

Yes, but it was converted to the English madrigal

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26
Q

What type of impact did the printing press have on secular music?

A
  • Increased accessibility
  • Standardized notation
  • Increased popularity
  • Additional opportunities for composers
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27
Q

Were instruments in the 16th century grouped for indoor and outdoor purposes?

A

Yes

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28
Q

When did instrumental dance music blossom?

A

Baroque Period because of the Baroque Suite

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29
Q

What are the important characteristics of humanism?

A
  • Focus on the individual
  • Reason and science
  • Ethics based on human values
  • Non-theistic
  • Social justices and human rights
  • Free inquiry
  • Meaningful life
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30
Q

What modern-day country gave birth to the Renaissance?

A

Italy

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31
Q

What influence did Josquin de Prez have on other composers?

A

Created organum

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32
Q

Why is Homer’s Aeneid important to opera?

A

Inspired Purcell to write Didos and Aeneas

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33
Q

What are the characteristics of an oratorio?

A
  • No acting, costumes, or scenery
  • Similar to an opera
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34
Q

In what era of Western music history was instrumental music a major focus?

A

Baroque

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35
Q

What are the characteristics of music in the Baroque era?

A
  • Homophony
  • Instrumental
  • Basso continuo
  • Opera
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36
Q

Who was Barbara Strozzi?

A

Female secular music composer

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37
Q

What type of opportunities did Baroque women have in life?

A
  • Wife
  • Secular singers
  • Courtesan
  • Nun
  • Composer
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38
Q

What are the characteristics of the Baroque suite?

A
  • Same key, contrasting moods
  • Performed by diverse array of instruments
  • International influence
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39
Q

What other genres applied the concepts of the baroque suite?

A

Multimovement
* Concertos
* Oratorios

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40
Q

What are Vivaldi’s best-known concerts?

A

The 4 seasons (4 different cantatas)

41
Q

Who composed the Brandenburg Concertos?

A

Bach

42
Q

What instrumental ensemble emerged during the Baroque?

A

String quartet

43
Q

What keyboard instrument is found within a Baroque orchestra?

A

Harpsichord

44
Q

Which Baroque composer is known for his skills on organ?

A

Bach

45
Q

Martin Luther contributed to what Western culture?

A
  • Protestantism
  • Monophonic psalms
46
Q

What forces perform a cantata?

A
  • Singers (choir and soloists)
  • Orchestra or organ
47
Q

For what instrument did Bach write most of his works?

A

Organ

48
Q

What type of instrument is an organ? What makes the organ produce sound?

A
  • Wind
  • Sets of pipes (contrasting tone colors)
  • Multiple keyboards (manuals)
  • Terraced dynamics
49
Q

What are the developments of music in 17th-century Central America?

A
  • Dominant influence of Spanish music
  • Mixed Latin and native language music
  • Instruments
  • Polyphonic singing
50
Q

What was the first opportunity for people in North America to teach music at least semi-professionally

A

Singing schools

51
Q

What are the characteristics of shape-note notation?

A
  • Fa, Sol, and La have different shapes
52
Q

What is William Billings best known publication?

A

The New England Psalm-Singer

53
Q

For what purpose was shaped-note notation designed?

A

To allow the general public to understand music, increasing music literacy

54
Q

What is the first group of American Composers known as?

A

First New England School
* Daniel Reed
* Stephen Jenks
* Jeremiah Ingalls
* Francis Hopkinson
* William Billings

55
Q

Modes

A

Group of notes (scales) used in the Middle Ages

56
Q

Syllabic

A

1 note per syllable

57
Q

Neumatic

A

A few notes per syllable

58
Q

Melismatic

A

Many notes per syllable

59
Q

Liturgy

A

Set order of church services

60
Q

Organum

A

Polyphony

61
Q

Ars Nova

A

New art

62
Q

Mass

A

Proper and Ordinary

63
Q

Proper

A

Changes every day

64
Q

Ordinary

A

Doesn’t change
1. Kyrie
2. Gloria
3. Credo
4. Sanctus
5. Agnus Dei

65
Q

Counter Reformation

A

Catholic Reformation (Council of Trent)

66
Q

Word Painting

A

Music directly reflects meaning of words

67
Q

Bas

A
  • Soft (indoor instruments)
  • Recorder, lute, and rebec
68
Q

Haut

A
  • Loud (outdoor instruments)
  • Shawm, sackbut, cornetto, trumpets, tabor, and nakers
69
Q

The Danserye

A

Piece of dance music (The Three Dances)

70
Q

Opera

A
  • Most important genre
  • Large-scale drama
  • Vocal/instrumental music, poetry, acting, scenery, and costumes
  • Strong emotions through music
71
Q

Virtuoso

A

A person highly skilled in music

72
Q

Recitative

A
  • Declamatory vocal style
  • Sounds like talking, but singing
73
Q

Aria

A

Highly emotional lyrical song

74
Q

Overture

A

A piece of music played by an orchestra at the beginning of an opera

75
Q

Libretto

A

Text or script of the opera

76
Q

Oratorio

A
  • Done in a concert hall
  • Sacred
  • No acting, scenery, or costumes
77
Q

Ritornello

A
  • Returning section of music
  • Repeats
  • Common in concertos
78
Q

Concerto

A
  • Instrumental
  • Orchestra with soloists
79
Q

Ritornello Form

A

Ritornello, soloist, ritornello, …

80
Q

Fugue

A
  • Contrapuntal composition
  • First melody - subject and answer
80
Q

Organ

A
  • Sets of pipes
  • Contrasting tone colors
  • Multiple keyboards (manuals)
  • Terraced dynamics
81
Q

Answer

A

Subject imitated in another voice (different pitch scheme)

81
Q

Lining-Out

A
  • American singing
  • Leader sings and the audience repeats the exact same line
82
Q

Alleluia, O virga mediatrix

A
  • Hildegard of Bingen
  • Alleluia plainchant
83
Q

Gaude Maria virgo

A
  • Notre Dame School
  • Organum
84
Q

Fair Phyllis

A
  • Farmer
  • English Madrigal
85
Q

Three Dances

A
  • Susato
  • Ronde
86
Q

Dido and Aeneas, Act III, Recitative and Lament

A
  • Purcell
  • Opera, English
87
Q

Messiah, No. 18 “Rejoice greatly”

A
  • Handel
  • Oratorio (Christmas section)
88
Q

No. 44 “Hallelujah”

A
  • Handel
  • Oratorio (Easter section)
89
Q

The Four Seasons, Op. 8, No. 1

A
  • Vivaldi
  • Concerto
  • Spring movement
90
Q

“Little” Fugue in G Minor

A
  • Bach
  • Fugue
91
Q

Cantata

A
  • Religious opera in church
  • No acting, scenery, or costumes
92
Q

Inversion

A

Flipped upside down

93
Q

Retrograde

A

Backwards

94
Q

Retrograde Inversion

A

Backwards and upside down

95
Q

Augmentation

A

Lengthening (x 2)

96
Q

Diminution

A

Shortening (x 1/2)

Honors Appreciation of Music (4 decks)

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