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Cytogenetics (2024-2025) > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Basic functional unit of life

A

cell

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2
Q

what are the 3 domains of life

A
  • archaea
  • bacteria
  • eukarya
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3
Q

archaea and bacteria are what

A

prokaryotes

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4
Q

eukarya is what

A

eukaryote

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5
Q

has no nucleus

A

Prokaryotic cell

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6
Q

has nucleus + organelles

A

Eukaryotic cell

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7
Q

what are somatic cells also known as

A

body cells

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8
Q

have two copies of the genome and are said to be diploid

A

somatic cells

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9
Q

have one copy of the genome and
are haploid

A

germ cells

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10
Q

germ cells are aka what

A

sex cells

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11
Q
  • Give rise to differentiated cells and to other stem cells
  • Diploid
A

stem cells

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12
Q

what are the 4 types of tissues

A
  • connective tissue
  • muscle
  • nervous
  • epithelium
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13
Q

a tissue that has a variety of cell types and surrounding materials protect, support, bind to cells, and fill spaces throughout the body

A

connective tissues

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14
Q

Tight cell layers form linings that protect, secrete, absorb, and excrete

A

epithelium

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15
Q

Cells contract, providing movement

A

Muscle

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16
Q

Neurons transmit information as electrochemical impulses that coordinate movement and also sense and respond to environmental stimuli

A

nervous tissues

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17
Q

list the chemical constituents

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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18
Q

provide energy and contribute to cell structure

A

carbohydrates

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19
Q

basis of some hormones, provide insulation, energy storage and formation of membranes

A

lipids

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20
Q

form the contractile fibers, clot formation and enzymatic reaction

A

Proteins

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21
Q

translate information from past generations to new cells that give its
characteristics

A

Nucleic Acids

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22
Q
  • carry out the activities of life in the
    cell
  • divide the labor by partitioning off certain areas or serving specific functions
A

Organelles

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23
Q

list the components of a cell

A

organelles, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulym, vesicles, gogli apparatus, exosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondrion

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24
Q

*The most prominent organelle of most cells
* Contains the DNA within the cell

A

nucleus

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25
Q

surrounds the nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope

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26
Q

biochemicals can exit or enter the nucleus through them

A

Nuclear pores

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27
Q

mechanical support; holds the nuclear pores in place

A

Nuclear lamina

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28
Q

“little nucleus”; darkened area inside the nucleus

A

Nucleolus

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29
Q

the fluid in the nucleus

A

Nucleoplasm

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30
Q

remainder of the cell between the nucleus and cell membrane

A

cytoplasm

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31
Q

aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell

A

cytosol

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32
Q

quality control center of the cell

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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33
Q

winds from the nuclear envelope outwards to the plasma membrane, forming a vast tubular network that transports molecules from one part of the cell to another

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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34
Q

it is studded with ribosomes and is the starting point of protein synthesis

A

rough ER

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35
Q

where lipid synthesizes

A

smooth ER

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36
Q

it pinches off from tabular endings of the ER to form sacs for transport of substances within the cell

A

vesicles

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37
Q

it is a column of 4-6 interconnected flat, membrane-enclosed sacs

A

golgi apparatus

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38
Q

sugar + lipid =

A

glycolipid

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39
Q

sugar + protein

A

glycoprotein

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40
Q

a vesicle that goes cell to cell to empty their contents

A

exosomes

41
Q

“suicide sacs”

A

lysosomes

42
Q

these are bound sacs that contain enzymes able to degrade bacteria

A

lysosomes

43
Q

ability of the cell to dispose of its own remnants

A

autophagy

44
Q

sacs with a single outer membrane filled with enzymes

A

peroxisimes

45
Q

these enzymes catalyze reaction that breakdown certain lipids and rare biochemical, synthesize bile acids detoxify compounds

A

peroxisomal enzymes

46
Q

“powerhouse of the cell”

A

mitochondrion

47
Q

this provides energy by breaking the chemical bonds that hold together the nutrient molecules in food

A

mitochondrion

48
Q

holds enzymes that catalyze the biochemical reactions that release energy

A

cristae

49
Q

source of energy of the cell

A

adenosine triphosphate

50
Q

meshwork of protein rods and tubules that serves as the cells architecture

A

cytoskeleton

51
Q

major types of cytoskeleton

A

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

52
Q

made of of tubulin

A

microtubules

53
Q

this does cellular organization, communication between cells

A

microtubules

54
Q

hairlike structures that propels substances

A

cilia

55
Q

made up of actin

A

microfilaments

56
Q
  • narrower than microtubules
  • it enables cells to withstand stretching, compression, and help anchor one cell to another
A

microfilaments

57
Q
  • composed of different proteins
  • have diameters intermediate between those of microtubules and microfilaments
A

intermediate filaments

58
Q
  • it completely surrounds the cell
  • it is a double layer of molecules called phospholipids
A

plasma membrane

59
Q

movement into cells by vesicles

A

endocytosis

60
Q

movements out of cells by vesucles

A

exocytosis

61
Q

what is apoptosis

A

cell death

62
Q

the sequence of activities as a cell prepares for and undergoes division

A

cell cycle

63
Q

two major stages of cell cycle

A

interphase and mitosis

64
Q
  • cell continues its basic biochemical functions of life
  • while replicating its DNA and some organelles
A

interphase

65
Q

“Gap 1 Phase”

A

G1 Phase

66
Q

where cell resumes synthesis of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates

A

G1 Phase

67
Q

Synthesis phase

A

S phase

68
Q

What phase is this
* DNA replication
* microtubules form structures called centrioles

A

s phase

69
Q

where genomes are joined

A

centromere

70
Q

what phase is this
* synthesis of biochemicals for microtubule formation

A

G2 phase

71
Q

long strands of chromosomal material in replicated chromosomes

A

chromatids

72
Q

when chromatids are attached at a centromere

A

sistter chromatids

73
Q

what are the stage of mitosis

A
  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
74
Q

What mitosis stage is this
* DNA coils tightly
* chromosomes condense
* microtubules asssembles
* nulear membrane breaks down
* nucleolus not visible

A

prophase

75
Q

What mitosis stage is this
* chromosomes attach at the spindle and align along the center of the cell

A

metaphase

76
Q

what do you call the center of the cell

A

equator

77
Q

What mitosis stage is this
* centromeres part
* chromatids move to the opposite ends of the cell

A

anaphase

78
Q

`What mitosis stage is this
* mitotic spindles fall apart
* nucleoli and membranes around the nuclei re-form at each end of the elongated cell

A

telophase

79
Q

microfilaments band contracts and seperate forming cells

A

cytokenesis

80
Q

temporarily pauses the cell cycle while special proteins repair damaged DNA

A

DNA damage checkpoints

81
Q

what are the different checkpoints

A
  1. DNA damage checkpoints
  2. Apoptosis checkpoint
  3. Spindle assemply checkpoint
82
Q

proteins that overrides signals telling the cell to die so that mitosis happens rather than apoptosis

A

survivins

83
Q

turns on as mitosis begins, and survivins overrides signals telling cells to die

A

apoptosis checkpoint

84
Q

oversees the construction of the spindle and the binding of chromosomes to it

A

spindle assembly checkpoint

85
Q

when does apoptosis checkpoint happen

A

G2 phase

86
Q

when does spindle assembly checkpoint happen

A

anaphase

87
Q

when does DNA damage checkpoint happen

A

S phase

88
Q

a cellular clock that limits the number of division

A

telomere

89
Q

this keeps the chromosome tips long

A

telomerase

90
Q

what activates genes whose products carry out mitosis

A

kinases and cyclins

91
Q

a form of cell death associated with inflammation and damage

A

necrosis

92
Q

2 stage of meiosis

A

meiosis 1 and 2

93
Q

are gamete haploid or diploid

A

haploid

94
Q

are somatic cells haploid or diploid

A

diploid

95
Q

how many chromosomes to gametes have

A

23

96
Q

how many chromosomes do somatic cells have

A

46

97
Q

homologs exchange parts in a process known as

A

crossing over

98
Q

it refers to when homologous pairs of chromosomes line up next to one another

A

synapsis

99
Q

net result of meiosis is

A

4 haploid cells

Cytogenetics (2024-2025) (3 decks)

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